Микола Куліш - the most famous Ukrainian playwright of the twentieth century. After his mother’s early death, Kulish spent most of his childhood in orphanages and charity homes. He finished his early education thanks to the financial support of distant acquaintances. He began writing satirical poems and plays as a gymnasium student in Oleshky. After graduating from the gymnasium in Poti (now in Georgia) in 1914, he studied history and philology at Odesa University. Kulish’s university education was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. He was conscripted into the Russian Army, took part in military campaigns as an infantry officer in Galicia, Volhynia, and Belarus, and thus came into contact with the Ukrainian national movement. In 1917 Kulish was wounded at the front and discharged. Later that year he served as head of the town council in Oleshky. He participated in the Ukrainian Struggle for Independence (1917–20), organizing a guerrilla regiment to fight the Russian Volunteer Army in Southern Ukraine and distinguishing himself as its commanding officer. Kulish wrote fourteen plays. Six of them were published during his lifetime. He became famous after the stage success in 1924 of his first play, 97, which is generally considered the beginning of Soviet Ukrainian drama and the first major play written in the USSR as a whole. It was, however, not staged as Kulish had written it, but was censored by first production’s director, Hnat Yura, who changed Kulish’s tragic finale to an ideologically correct, optimistic one. Kulish’s subsequent plays shared similar fates and were heavily censored or banned outright by the Soviet authorities. As a dramatist, Kulish initially devoted his efforts to portraying the postrevolutionary struggle among the peasantry of Southern Ukraine. Besides 97, the plays on that subject included Komuna v stepakh (A Commune in the Steppes, 1925) and, several years later, the final work in his ‘village trilogy’—Proshchai, selo (Farewell, Village, 1933). The Soviet censors forced him not only to revise the latter, but even to rename it Povorot Marka (Marko's Return, 1934), deeming the original title an allusion to the destruction of the traditional Ukrainian village by Soviet collectivization and the Famine-Genocide of 1932–3. During the second phase of his dramaturgy, Kulish turned to writing comedy and satire. In Otak zahynuv Huska (That’s How Huska Perished, 1925) and Khulii Khuryna (1926), which harked back to Nikolai Gogol’s themes and motifs, he ridiculed the attitudes and prejudices of both prerevolutionary Russian imperial society and of the new Soviet bureaucracy. The culmination of his of demythologization of the Bolshevik revolution was his melodrama Zona (Ergot, 1926), which Kulish later reworked and renamed Zakut (Dead End, 1929). He also wrote a ‘linguistic comedy,’ Myna Mazailo (1929), where, in a manner akin to Molière, he satirized the political and social impact of the Soviet policy of Ukrainization. During his most productive and creative period as a playwright and close collaborator of Les Kurbas and the Berezil theater, Kulish abandoned the style and tools of traditional, realist dramaturgy. Instead, he experimented with expressionist and avant-garde writing, often combining it with elements of the Ukrainian puppet theater (vertep) and school dramas popular of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. His most important trilogy of that period—Narodnii Malakhii (The People's Malakhii, 1927), Patetychna sonata (Sonata pathétique, 1930), and Vichnyi bunt (Eternal Rebellion, 1932)—addresses the stark contradictions between Ukrainian national aspirations and Soviet reality and deals with the inherent conflict between an individual’s aspirations and a society’s principles. http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/...

Микола Гурович Куліш — український письменник, режисер, драматург, громадський діяч, газетяр і редактор, діяч української освіти, педагог. Микола Куліш займався літературною діяльністю майже все своє життя — 30 років із 45. Драматург писав навіть тоді, коли перебував на Соловках, в ув'язненні. За 1923 — 1934 роки Микола Куліш створив близько 15 п'єс. Проте тексти першого («На рыбной ловле») та останньоого («Такі») твору були вилучені у письменника під час арешту, і тому вважаються втраченими. Перші п'єси «97» (1924), «Комуна в степах» (1925) переважно реалістично-побутового характеру; комедія-фарс «Хулій Хурина» (1926) має експресіоністичні риси; «Зона» (1926) — гостра сатира на партійних кар'єристів, комедія «Отак загинув Гуска» (1925) має елементи символізму. Творчою вершиною стали п'єси «Народний Малахій» (1927), «Мина Мазайло» (1929). Тема цих п'єс — облудність ідеалів комуністичної революції, національне пристосуванство і фальш міщанського середовища. «Патетична соната» (1929) показує боротьбу трьох сил — комуністичної, білогвардійської і національно-патріотичної у 1917-18 рр. У п'єсі використано засоби тогочасної експериментальної драми у поєднанні з традиційним українським театром (вертеп). У 1930-х рр. Куліш написав п'єси «Маклена Граса» (1933), «Прощай, село» (1933), «Поворот Марка» (1934), «Вічний бунт» та ін. Твори Куліша гостро критикувала офіційна критика. Більшість його творів були поставлені на сцені театру «Березіль» Л. Курбаса. За творами письменника знято телефільми: «Закут», «Мина Мазайло», «Народний Малахій». Йому присвячено стрічки: «Микола Куліш» (1970), «Микола Куліш» (1991), документальні кінокартини «Пастка», «Тягар мовчання» (1991).