Through poetry, prose, and drama, American writer James Langston Hughes made important contributions to the Harlem renaissance; his best-known works include Weary Blues (1926) and The Ways of White Folks (1934). People best know this social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist James Mercer Langston Hughes, one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form jazz poetry, for his famous written work about the period, when "Harlem was in vogue." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langsto...

(Adeline) Virginia Woolf was an English novelist and essayist regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."

Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories, and one novel. Known for his biting wit, and a plentitude of aphorisms, he became one of the most successful playwrights of the late Victorian era in London, and one of the greatest celebrities of his day. Several of his plays continue to be widely performed, especially The Importance of Being Earnest. As the result of a widely covered series of trials, Wilde suffered a dramatic downfall and was imprisoned for two years hard labour after being convicted of "gross indecency" with other men. After Wilde was released from prison he set sail for Dieppe by the night ferry. He never returned to Ireland or Britain, and died in poverty.

Terse literary style of Ernest Miller Hemingway, an American writer, ambulance driver of World War I, journalist, and expatriate in Paris during the 1920s, marks short stories and novels, such as The Sun Also Rises (1926) and The Old Man and the Sea (1952), which concern courageous, lonely characters, and he won the Nobel Prize of 1954 for literature. Economical and understated style of Hemingway strongly influenced 20th-century fiction, whereas his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He published seven novels, six short story collections and two nonfiction works. Survivors published posthumously three novels, four collections of short stories, and three nonfiction works. People consider many of these classics. After high school, Hemingway reported for a few months for the Kansas City Star before leaving for the Italian front to enlist. In 1918, someone seriously wounded him, who returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms . In 1922, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved, and he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers and artists of the expatriate community of the "lost generation" of 1920s. After his divorce of 1927 from Hadley Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer. At the Spanish civil war, he acted as a journalist; afterward, they divorced, and he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls . Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and 1940s. Martha Gellhorn served as third wife of Hemingway in 1940. When he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II, they separated; he presently witnessed at the Normandy landings and liberation of Paris. Shortly after 1952, Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where two plane crashes almost killed him and left him in pain and ill health for much of the rest of his life. Nevertheless, in 1959, he moved from Cuba to Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.

Known British writer Hector Hugh Munro under pen name Saki published his witty and sometimes bitter short stories in collections, such as The Chronicles of Clovis (1911). His sometimes macabre satirized Edwardian society and culture. People consider him a master and often compare him to William Sydney Porter and Dorothy Rothschild Parker. His tales feature delicately drawn characters and finely judged narratives. "The Open Window," perhaps his most famous, closes with the line, "Romance at short notice was her specialty," which thus entered the lexicon. Newspapers first and then several volumes published him as the custom of the time. His works include * a full-length play, The Watched Pot , in collaboration with Charles Maude; * two one-act plays; * a historical study, The Rise of the Russian Empire , the only book under his own name; * a short novel, The Unbearable Bassington ; * the episodic The Westminster Alice , a parliamentary parody of Alice in Wonderland ; * and When William Came: A Story of London under the Hohenzollerns , an early alternate history. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, and Joseph Rudyard Kipling, influenced Munro, who in turn influenced Alan Alexander Milne, Sir Noel Pierce Coward, and Pelham Grenville Wodehouse.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (Russian: Антон Павлович Чехов ) was born in the small seaport of Taganrog, southern Russia, the son of a grocer. Chekhov's grandfather was a serf, who had bought his own freedom and that of his three sons in 1841. He also taught himself to read and write. Yevgenia Morozova, Chekhov's mother, was the daughter of a cloth merchant. "When I think back on my childhood," Chekhov recalled, "it all seems quite gloomy to me." His early years were shadowed by his father's tyranny, religious fanaticism, and long nights in the store, which was open from five in the morning till midnight. He attended a school for Greek boys in Taganrog (1867-68) and Taganrog grammar school (1868-79). The family was forced to move to Moscow following his father's bankruptcy. At the age of 16, Chekhov became independent and remained for some time alone in his native town, supporting himself through private tutoring. In 1879 Chekhov entered the Moscow University Medical School. While in the school, he began to publish hundreds of comic short stories to support himself and his mother, sisters and brothers. His publisher at this period was Nicholas Leikin, owner of the St. Petersburg journal Oskolki (splinters). His subjects were silly social situations, marital problems, farcical encounters between husbands, wives, mistresses, and lovers, whims of young women, of whom Chekhov had not much knowledge – the author was shy with women even after his marriage. His works appeared in St. Petersburg daily papers, Peterburskaia gazeta from 1885, and Novoe vremia from 1886. Chekhov's first novel, Nenunzhaya pobeda (1882), set in Hungary, parodied the novels of the popular Hungarian writer Mór Jókai. As a politician Jókai was also mocked for his ideological optimism. By 1886 Chekhov had gained a wide fame as a writer. His second full-length novel, The Shooting Party, was translated into English in 1926. Agatha Christie used its characters and atmosphere in her mystery novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926). Chekhov graduated in 1884, and practiced medicine until 1892. In 1886 Chekhov met H.S. Suvorin, who invited him to become a regular contributor for the St. Petersburg daily Novoe vremya. His friendship with Suvorin ended in 1898 because of his objections to the anti-Dreyfus campaign conducted by paper. But during these years Chechov developed his concept of the dispassionate, non-judgmental author. He outlined his program in a letter to his brother Aleksandr: "1. Absence of lengthy verbiage of political-social-economic nature; 2. total objectivity; 3. truthful descriptions of persons and objects; 4. extreme brevity; 5. audacity and originality; flee the stereotype; 6. compassion." Chekhov's first book of stories (1886) was a success, and gradually he became a full-time writer. The author's refusal to join the ranks of social critics arose the wrath of liberal and radical intelligentsia and he was criticized for dealing with serious social and moral questions, but avoiding giving answers. However, he was defended by such leading writers as Leo Tolstoy and Nikolai Leskov. "I'm not a liberal, or a conservative, or a gradualist, or a monk, or an indifferentist. I should like to be a free artist and that's all..." Chekhov said in 1888. The failure of his play The Wood Demon (1889) and problems with his novel made Chekhov to withdraw from literature for a period. In 1890 he travelled across Siberia to remote prison island, Sakhalin. There he conducted a detailed census of some 10,000 convicts and settlers condemned to live their lives on that harsh island. Chekhov hoped to use the results of his research for his doctoral dissertation. It is probable that hard conditions on the island also weakened his own physical condition. From this journey was born his famous travel book T

Brendan Gill (October 4, 1914 – December 27, 1997) wrote for The New Yorker for more than 60 years. He also contributed film criticism for Film Comment and wrote a popular book about his time at the New Yorker magazine. Biography[edit] Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Gill attended the Kingswood-Oxford School before graduating in 1936 from Yale University, where he was a member of Skull and Bones.[1]:127 He was a long-time resident of Bronxville, New York, and Norfolk, Connecticut. In 1936 The New Yorker editor St. Clair McKelway hired Gill as a writer.[2] One of the publication's few writers to serve under its first four editors, he wrote more than 1,200 pieces for the magazine. These included Profiles, Talk of the Town features, and scores of reviews of Broadway and Off-Broadway theater productions.[3] As The New Yorker's main architecture critic from 1987 to 1996, he wrote the long-running "Skyline" column before Paul Goldberger took his place. A champion of architectural preservation and other visual arts, Gill joined Jacqueline Kennedy's coalition to preserve and restore New York's Grand Central Terminal. He also chaired the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts and authored 15 books, including Here at The New Yorker and the iconoclastic Frank Lloyd Wright biography Many Masks. Gill was a good friend of actor Sir Rex Harrison and was among the speakers who memorialized the legendary star of the musical My Fair Lady at his memorial service in New York City in 1990. Death[edit] Brendan Gill died of natural causes in 1997, at the age of 83. In a New Yorker "Postscript" following Gill's death, John Updike described him as “avidly alert to the power of art in general.”[3] Legacy[edit] Gill's son, Michael Gates Gill, is the author of How Starbucks Saved My Life: A Son of Privilege Learns to Live Like Everyone Else.[4] His youngest son, Charles Gill, is the author of the novel The Boozer Challenge. Offices held[edit] Chairman of the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts Chairman of the Municipal Art Society Chairman of the New York Landmarks Conservancy Vice President of the American Academy of Arts and Letters Works[edit] This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Books[edit] The Day the Money Stopped (1957) The Trouble of One House (1951) Fair Land to Build in: The Architecture of the Empire State (1984) The Dream Come True: Great Houses of Los Angeles (1980) Lindbergh Alone - May 21, 1927 (1980) Summer Places (with Dudley Whitney Hill) (1978) Ways of Loving (short stories) (1974). Tallulah (Tallulah Bankhead biography) (1972) Cole Porter (Cole Porter biography) (1972) New York Life: Of Friends and Others The introduction to Portable Dorothy Parker (Dorothy Parker collection of her stories & columns) (1972) Late Bloomers Here at The New Yorker (1975) Many Masks: A Life of Frank Lloyd Wright (1987) Articles[edit] Gill, Brendan (15 January 1949). "The Talk of the Town: Runaway". The New Yorker. 24 (47): 22–23. I Can Hear it Now - album of speeches and news broadcasts, 1932-45 (with Spencer Klaw). Gill, Brendan (4 February 1950). "The Talk of the Town: The Wildest People". The New Yorker. 25 (50): 21–22. Transit Radio, Inc. Gill, Brendan (4 February 1950). "The Talk of the Town: Improvisation". The New Yorker. 25 (50): 25. Hiding telephone lines in the ivy at Princeton (with M. Galt). Gill, Brendan (14 January 1985). "The Theatre: The Ignominy of Boyhood". The New Yorker. 60 (48): 108–110. Reviews Bill C. Davis' "Dancing in the End Zone", James Duff's "Home Front" and Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I". Gill, Brendan (28 January 1985). "The Talk of the Town: Notes and Comment". The New Yorker. 60 (50): 19–20. West 44th Street development.

كاتب أمريكي يعد من أهم الروائيين و كتاب القصة الأمريكيين.كتب الروايات والقصص القصيرة . لقب ب "بابا". غلبت عليه النظرة السوداوية للعالم في البداية، إلا أنه عاد ليجدد أفكاره فعمل على تمجيد القوة النفسية لعقل للإنسان في رواياته، غالبا ما تصور أعماله هذه القوة وهي تتحدى القوى الطبيعية الأخرى في صراع ثنائي وفي جو من العزلة والانطوائية.شارك في الحرب العالميه الأولى و الثانيه حيث خدم على سفينه حربيه أمريكيه كانت مهمتها إغراق الغوصات الألماني, وحصل في كل منهما على أوسمه حيث أثرت الحرب في كتابات هيمنجواى وروايته. عكس أدب هيمنجواي تجاربه الشخصية في الحربين العالميتين الاولى و الثانية والحرب الاهلية الأسبانية. تميز أسلوبه بالبساطة و الجمل القصيرة. وترك بصمتة على الأدب الأمريكي الذي صار هيمنغواي واحدا من أهم أعمدته. شخصيات هيمنغواي دائما افراد ابطال يتحملون المصاعب دونما شكوى او الم ، و تعكس هذه الشخصيات طبيعة همنغواي الشخصية. تلقى همنجواي جائزة بوليتزر الأمريكية في الصحافه عام 1953 .كما حصل على جائزة جائزة نوبل في الأدب في عام 1954 عن رواية العجوز والبحر. حاز إرنست همنجواي بفضل العجوز والبحر على جائزة نوبل في الأدب و جائزة بوليتزر الأمريكية "لأستاذيته في فن الرواية الحديثة ولقوة اسلوبة كما يظهر ذلك بوضوح في قصته الأخيرة العجوز والبحر" كما جاء في تقرير لجنة نوبل في أخر حياته إنتقل للعيش في منزل بكوبا . حيث بداء يعانى من إضطرابات عقليه حاول الإنتحار في ربيع عام 1961 ، وتلقى العلاج بالصدمات الكهربيه .بعد حوالي ثلاثة اسابيع من إكماله الثانية والستين من العمر ، وضع حد لحياته بإطلاق الرصاص على رائسه من بندقيته في منزله

Arabic profile for Katherine Mansfield واحدة من أبرز كتاب القصة القصيرة الحداثيين. ولدت وترعرت في مستعمرة نيوزيلاندا، واتخذت من كاثرين مانسفيلد اسم قلمي لها. تركت نيوزيلندا، في التاسعة عشر من عمرها، و انتقلت إلى المملكة المتحدة حيث أصبحت صديقة كتاب حداثيين مثل د.ه. لورانس و فيرجينيا وولف. أصيبت خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى بالسل خارج الرئة الذي أدى إلى وفاتها في السن ٣٤. أهم اعمالها ظلت غير منشورة عند وفاتها وتبنى "موري" مهمة نشرها في مجلدين اضافيين من القصص القصيرة "عش الحمامة" عام ١٩٢٣. و "شيء طفولي" عام ١٩٢٤.و "مجلد قصائد" و " الروايات والروائيون" و" الكناري" هو عبارة عن قصة قصيرة. حياتها المبكرة ولدت كاثرين مانسفيلد (اسمها الحقيقي كاثلين مانسفيلد بوشامب) في ١٨٨٨ لأسرة ذات مركز اجتماعي مرموق في ويلنغتون في نيوزيلندا. عمل والدها مصرفيًا وكانت ابنة عمة الكاتبة الدوقة إليزابيث فون أرنيم. ثم اصبح والدها، هارولد بوشامب، مديرًا لبنك نيوزيلندا ونال لقب فارس. أما جدها آرثر بوشامب فمثّل ناخبين بيكتون في البرلمان لفترة قصيرة من الزمن. وفي ١٨٩٣، انتقلت العائلة من ثوردون لكاروري حيث قضت مانسفيلد سنوات طفولتها الأكثر سعادة. هذه السنوات التي شكلت مصدر إلهامها في كتابة قصة "مقدمة".

أنطون بافلوفيتش تشيخوف (English: Anton Chekhov) (Russian: Антон Павлович Чехов) من كبار الأدباء الروس كما أنه من أفضل كتاب القصة القصيرة على مستوى العالم. كتب عدة مئات من القصص القصيرة وتعتبر الكثير منها ابداعات فنية كلاسيكية ، كما أن مسرحياته كان لها أعظم الأثر على دراما القرن العشرين. ولد انطون تشيخوف عام 1860 في مدينة تاجنروج، وهي ميناء محلي يقع على ضفاف بحر أزوف جنوب روسيا. كان تشيخوف الأبن الثالث من ستة أبناء لأب يعمل في التجارة. دخل تشيخوف مدرسة ابتدائية للصبيان، وفي عامه الثامن أرسل إلى مدرسة خاصة. اشتهر أنطون هناك بتعليقاته ومزاحه وبراعته في إطلاق الألقاب الساخرة على الأساتذة. كان أنطون عاشقا للمسرح والأدب منذ صغره، وحضر أول عرض مسرحي في حياته (أوبرا هيلين الجميلة من تلحين باخ) عندما كان في الثالثة عشرمن عمره. وكان ينفق كل مدخراته اليومية لحضور المسرحيات، حيث كان مقعده المفضل في نهاية صالة العرض لإنخفاض سعر التذكرة هناك. عمل تشيخوف بالتمثيل في مسرح الهواة، وأحيانا كان يؤدي أدوارا في عروض المسرح المحلي. وقد حاول آنذاك كتابة قصص فكاهية، كما إنه ألف في تلك السن أيضا مسرحية طويلة أسماها "بلا أب" لكنه تخلص منها فيما بعد. أنهى تشيخوف معهد الطب وعمل طبيبا ممارساًً. ولذلك نجد الكثير من الأطباء من بين أبطال قصصه مثل آستروف وديموف وإيونيتش، وأبطال قصصه المسلسلة تحت عنوان " جراحة " وقصة " الردهة رقم 6 " وغيرها من القصص. جهد تشيخوف من اجل إعالة جميع أفراد عائلته. واصيب بمرض السل عندما كان شاباً، وكان مرضه معروفاً بالنسبة له ، غير انه لم يعالج نفسه نهائياً. فنصحه الأصدقاء بالسفر للعلاج في مصح بادن فيير بألمانيا. لكنه توفي هناك في 15 يوليو/تموز عام 1904 بعيداً عن الوطن والأصدقاء. وتم نقل جثمان الكاتب الروسي العظيم إلى روسيا. حيث دفن تشيخوف في مقبرة نوفوديفيتشي بموسكو التي تضم رفات مشاهير روسيا. عاش تشيخوف كإنسان متواضع و نزيه مثلما كتب هو قائلاً " في الإنسان كل شيء يجب أن يكون رائعاً: وجهه، وهندامه ، وروحه، وأفكاره. يعتبر تشيخوف من عمالقة الأدب الروسي كما أنه من أفضل كتاب القصة القصيرة على مستوى العالم. كتب عدة مئات من القصص القصيرة ويعد الكثير من اعماله ابداعات فنية كلاسيكية خالدة مثل " وفاة موظف " و" مزحة " ،و" جهاز العروس" و" حكاية مملة ". كما كتب تشيخوف عام 1890 وهو في قمة نضجه وصعوده إلى ذروة الأدب الروسي القصة الوثائقية " جزيرة سخالين" التي تتحدث عن رحلته إلى تلك الجزيرة النائية الواقعة عند الشواطئ الشرقية لروسيا . تركت مسرحيات تشيخوف أثرا عظيما على فن الدراما في القرن العشرين مثل: "طائر النورس"، و"الخال فانيا".

Kathleen Mansfield Murry (née Beauchamp) was a prominent New Zealand modernist writer of short fiction who wrote under the pen name of Katherine Mansfield. Katherine Mansfield is widely considered one of the best short story writers of her period. A number of her works, including "Miss Brill", "Prelude", "The Garden Party", "The Doll's House", and later works such as "The Fly", are frequently collected in short story anthologies. Mansfield also proved ahead of her time in her adoration of Russian playwright and short story writer Anton Chekhov, and incorporated some of his themes and techniques into her writing. Katherine Mansfield was part of a "new dawn" in English literature with T.S. Eliot, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. She was associated with the brilliant group of writers who made the London of the period the centre of the literary world. Nevertheless, Mansfield was a New Zealand writer - she could not have written as she did had she not gone to live in England and France, but she could not have done her best work if she had not had firm roots in her native land. She used her memories in her writing from the beginning, people, the places, even the colloquial speech of the country form the fabric of much of her best work. Mansfield's stories were the first of significance in English to be written without a conventional plot. Supplanting the strictly structured plots of her predecessors in the genre (Edgar Allan Poe, Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells), Mansfield concentrated on one moment, a crisis or a turning point, rather than on a sequence of events. The plot is secondary to mood and characters. The stories are innovative in many other ways. They feature simple things - a doll's house or a charwoman. Her imagery, frequently from nature, flowers, wind and colours, set the scene with which readers can identify easily. Themes too are universal: human isolation, the questioning of traditional roles of men and women in society, the conflict between love and disillusionment, idealism and reality, beauty and ugliness, joy and suffering, and the inevitability of these paradoxes. Oblique narration (influenced by Chekhov but certainly developed by Mansfield) includes the use of symbolism - the doll's house lamp, the fly, the pear tree - hinting at the hidden layers of meaning. Suggestion and implication replace direct detail.

Arabic profile for Grazia Deledda غراتسيا ديليدا هي أديبة إيطالية. هاجرت إلى روما في أوائل القرن العشرين حصلت على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة ١٩٢٦. وهي ثاني امرأة تحصل على الجائزة. كانت اعمالها شديدة الارتباط بموطنها الاصلي سردينيا.

Luigi Pirandello; Agrigento (28 June 1867 – Rome 10 December 1936) was an Italian dramatist, novelist, poet, and short story writer whose greatest contributions were his plays. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature for "his almost magical power to turn psychological analysis into good theatre. Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the Absurd.

Valentin Petrovich Kataev (Russian: Валентин Катаев; also spelled Katayev or Kataiev) was a Russian and Soviet novelist and playwright who managed to create penetrating works discussing post-revolutionary social conditions without running afoul of the demands of official Soviet style. Kataev is credited with suggesting the idea for the Twelve Chairs to his brother Yevgeni Petrov and Ilya Ilf. In return, Kataev insisted that the novel be dedicated to him, in all editions and translations. Kataev's relentless imagination, sensitivity, and originality made him one of the most distinguished Soviet writers. Kataev was born in Odessa (then Russian Empire, now Ukraine) into the family of a teacher and began writing while he was still in gimnaziya (high school). He did not finish the gimnaziya but volunteered for the army in 1915, serving in the artillery. After the October Revolution he was mobilized into the Red Army, where he fought against General Denikin and served in the Russian Telegraph Agency. In 1920, he became a journalist in Odessa; two years later he moved to Moscow, where he worked on the staff of The Whistle (Gudok), where he wrote humorous pieces under various pseudonyms. His first novel, The Embezzlers (Rastratchiki, 1926), was printed in the journal "Krasnaya Nov". A satire of the new Soviet bureaucracy in the tradition of Gogol, the protagonists are two bureaucrats "who more or less by instinct or by accident conspire to defraud the Soviet state". The novel was well received, and the seminal modernist theatre practitioner Constantin Stanislavski asked Kataev to adapt it for the stage. It was produced at the world-famous Moscow Art Theatre, opening on 20 April 1928. A cinematic adaptation was filmed in 1931. His comedy Quadrature of the circle (Kvadratura kruga, 1928) satirizes the effect of the housing shortage on two married couples who share a room. His novel Time, Forward! (Vremya, vperyod!, 1932) describes workers' attempts to build the huge steel plant at Magnitogorsk in record time. Its title was taken from a poem by Vladimir Mayakovsky. its theme is the speeding up of time in the Soviet Union where the historical development of a century must be completed in ten years". The heroes are described as "being unable to trust such a valuable thing as time, to clocks, mere mechanical devices." Kataev adapted it as a screenplay, which filmed in 1965. A White Sail Gleams (Beleyet parus odinoky, 1936) treats the 1905 revolution and the Potemkin uprising from the viewpoint of two Odessa schoolboys. In 1937, Vladimir Legoshin directed a film version, which became a classic children's adventure. Kataev wrote its screenplay and took an active part in the filming process, finding locations and acting as an historical advisor. Many of his contemporaries considered the novel to be a prose poem.

Arabic profile for Saki كان هيكتور هيو مونرو، المعروف باسم القلم ساكي، كاتبًا بريطانيًا بارعًا. الإلهام وراء اسمه المستعار "ساكي" غير معروف. يعتبر واحدًا من أعظم كتاب القصة القصيرة ومقارنة بعظماء مثل أو. هنري ودوروثي باركر. تأثر مونرو بشكل كبير بكتابات أوسكار وايلد وروديارد كيبلينغ ولويس كارول. نُشرت قصصه في البداية في الصحف وتم جمعها لاحقًا في عدة مجلدات. بصرف النظر عن القصص القصيرة، كتب مونرو أيضًا مسرحية كاملة، ومسرحيتين بفعل واحد، ودراسة تاريخية، ورواية قصيرة وما إلى ذلك. وقد أثر على كتّاب عظماء مثل أ. أ. ميلن، ونويل كوارد، وبي جيه. عندما كان في أوائل العشرينات من عمره، ذهب مونرو إلى بورما (ميانمار) للانضمام إلى الشرطة العسكرية البورمية الاستعمارية لكنه اضطر إلى العودة إلى إنجلترا لاحقًا بسبب اعتلال صحته. بعد ذلك، بدأ حياته المهنية كصحفي. كتب للعديد من المنشورات بما في ذلك ديلي إكسبرس، بيستراندر، ذا مورنينج بوست وآوتلوك.

Arabic profile for Langston Hughes كان لانغستون هيوز واحدا من أشهر الكتاب في عصر النهضة هارلم. تأثرت رسالته من خلال الموسيقى الجازية، من خلال التعرف على التجارب اليومية للأمريكيين السود. إن أعمال هيوز، على الرغم من مشاركتها مع العالم الأدبي ككل، كانت غير متجانسة من خلال التجربة الأمريكية الأمريكية. وخلافا للمثقفين السود البارزين في عصره، لم يحاول هيوز إعادة صياغة لغته أو موضوعاته لتتناسب مع جمهور أبيض. يعكس عمله تأثير كبير من التجربة السوداء العادية، فضلا عن ثقافة الجاز البارز في عصره. ولد جيمس ميرسر لانغستون هيوز في عام ١٩٠٢، بدأ هيوز الكتابة في المدرسة الثانوية. ذهب لتخرج من جامعة لينكولن في ولاية بنسلفانيا وعقد سلسلة من الوظائف المتنوعة طوال حياته، بما في ذلك بوسبوي، مساعد كوك، غاسر، بحار، وبطبيعة الحال، الكاتب. سعى هيوز لتمثيل الرجل العادي، وتجاوز هويته الشخصية لإعطاء صوت لتجارب الملايين. كانت لغته ومواضيعه بسيطة ويمكن الوصول إليها. في السيرة الذاتية لعام ١٩٤٠ "البحر الكبير" ، يعرف رعاياه بأنه "عمال، روستبوتس، والمغنين، وصيادين العمل في شارع لينوكس في نيويورك، أو الشارع السابع في واشنطن أو ولاية ساوث في شيكاغو، الناس حتى اليوم وهبوطا غدا، والعمل هذا الأسبوع، وأطلقوا النار، وضربوا وحرقوا، ولكنهم لم يحددوا ضربهم بالكامل، وشراء الأثاث على خطة التقسيط، وملء المنزل مع غرف للمساعدة في دفع الإيجار، على أمل الحصول على دعوى جديدة لعيد الفصح والبلاد التي تناسب قبل الرابع من يوليو. طوال حياته المهنية في الكتابة، كتب هيوز روايات، مسرحيات، قصص قصيرة، شعر، وعمود صحيفة عادية. وكان من بين هذه الشعبية قصصه "البسيطة" - قصص قصيرة تتميز الشخصية المتكررة جيسي B. سيمبل، الملقب ب "بسيطة". أبرزت حكايات سيمبل القابلة للتكرار المشاكل اليومية التي واجهها الكثير من قراء هيوز السود أنفسهم

Arabic profile for Luigi Pirandello ولد في جزيرة صقلية االإيطالية، كتب الشعر في شبابه ودرس الآداب في جامعة باليرمو كتب أول رواياته "الهاربة" ونشرها عام ١٨٨٩ درس اللغة الألمانية وترجم أعمالاً أدبية منها. وقام بتدريس اللغة الايطالية في جامعة بون في ألمانيا نشر أول مسرحياته "المعصرة" عام ١٩١٠، ومن أهم مسرحياته: هنري الرابع - الحياة عطاء - ديانا والمثال - لذة الأمانة نشر عددا من القصص القصيرة، ومن أهم رواياته: الهاربة، المرحوم ماتيا باسكال، الشيوخ والشباب له ثلاثة أعمال في "المسرح داخل المسرح" هي: ست شخصيات تبحث عن مؤلف- لكل شيخ طريقة -الليلة نرتجل انتقل في كتاباته بين عدة أساليب من الرومانسية إلى الواقعية ثم الطبيعية والتعبيرية والرمزية والفرويدية، وترك تأثيرات واضحة على كتاب المسرح في العالم. حصل على جائزة نوبل عام ١٩٣٤. توفي عام ١٩٣٦.