англ. Stefan Zweig Сте́фан Цвейг (нем. Stefan Zweig — Штефан Цвайг; 28 ноября 1881 — 22 февраля 1942) — австрийский писатель, драматург и журналист. Автор множества романов, пьес, стихов и беллетризованных биографий. Был дружен с такими известными людьми, как Эмиль Верхарн, Ромен Роллан, Франс Мазерель, Огюст Роден, Томас Манн, 3игмунд Фрейд, Джеймс Джойс, Герман Гессе, Герберт Уэллс, Поль Валери, Максим Горький, Рихард Штраус, Бертольд Брехт.

Leonid Leonov Леонид Максимович Леонов (31 мая 1899, Москва — 8 августа 1994, Москва) — русский советский писатель и общественный деятель. Академик АН СССР (1972). Заслуженный деятель искусств РСФСР (1949). Герой Социалистического Труда (1967). Лауреат Ленинской премии (1957), Сталинской премии (1943) и Государственной премии СССР (1977). Л. М. Леонов родился 31 мая 1899 года в Москве. Сын поэта-«суриковца» Максима Леонова из семьи состоятельных московских торговцев; был женат на дочери московского купца и мецената Сабашникова. В 1915 году в Архангельской газете «Северное утро», где был редактором его отец, появились первые печатные опыты Леонида: стихи, театральные рецензии, очерки. В 1918 году окончил 3-ю Московскую гимназию. Учился в Московском университете. В 1920 году добровольно вступил в ряды РККА, воевал на Южном фронте, демобилизован в 1921 году. Вернувшись в Москву, профессионально занялся писательской деятельностью. На протяжении жизни написал несколько романов, разделённых иногда значительными промежутками времени: «Барсуки» (1924), «Вор» (1927, новая редакция 1959, перерабатывал вплоть до 1990), «Соть», «Скутаревский», роман «Русский лес» (1953, одним из первых в русской литературе затронул экологическую проблематику), философско-мистический «роман-наваждение» «Пирамида» (закончен незадолго до смерти, работал над ним 45 лет), повесть «Evgenia Ivanovna» о русской эмиграции (1938, не допущена тогда к печати; окончательная редакция и публикация 1963). С начала 1930-х годов выступал также как драматург: пьесы «Унтиловск», «Волк», «Нашествие» (1943), «Золотая карета» (1964), киноповесть «Бегство мистера Мак-Кинли» (1961, экранизирована 1975). Автор мемуаров «Литература и жизнь». В 1927 году принял участие в коллективном романе «Большие пожары», публиковавшемся в журнале «Огонёк». Во время Великой Отечественной войны писатель передал присуждённую ему Сталинскую премию в Фонд обороны. Академик АН СССР (1972). Депутат ВС СССР 2—8 созывов (1946—1970). Народный депутат ВС СССР (1989—1991) от СП СССР. Был заместителем председателя Всероссийского общества озеленения. Был членом редакционной коллегии журнала «Роман-газета». Являлся членом редколлегии журнала «Наука и жизнь». Л. М. Леонов умер 8 августа 1994 года. Похоронен в Москве на Новодевичьем кладбище (участок № 10).

Stefan Zweig was one of the world's most famous writers during the 1920s and 1930s, especially in the U.S., South America, and Europe. He produced novels, plays, biographies, and journalist pieces. Among his most famous works are Beware of Pity, Letter from an Unknown Woman, and Mary, Queen of Scotland and the Isles. He and his second wife committed suicide in 1942. Zweig studied in Austria, France, and Germany before settling in Salzburg in 1913. In 1934, driven into exile by the Nazis, he emigrated to England and then, in 1940, to Brazil by way of New York. Finding only growing loneliness and disillusionment in their new surroundings, he and his second wife committed suicide. Zweig's interest in psychology and the teachings of Sigmund Freud led to his most characteristic work, the subtle portrayal of character. Zweig's essays include studies of Honoré de Balzac, Charles Dickens, and Fyodor Dostoevsky (Drei Meister, 1920; Three Masters) and of Friedrich Hölderlin, Heinrich von Kleist, and Friedrich Nietzsche (Der Kampf mit dem Dämon, 1925; Master Builders). He achieved popularity with Sternstunden der Menschheit (1928; The Tide of Fortune), five historical portraits in miniature. He wrote full-scale, intuitive rather than objective, biographies of the French statesman Joseph Fouché (1929), Mary Stuart (1935), and others. His stories include those in Verwirrung der Gefühle (1925; Conflicts). He also wrote a psychological novel, Ungeduld des Herzens (1938; Beware of Pity), and translated works of Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, and Emile Verhaeren. Most recently, his works provided the inspiration for 2014 film The Grand Budapest Hotel.

Variant. See Miguel de Unamuno. Миге́ль де Унаму́но-и-Ху́го (исп. Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo; 29 сентября 1864, Бильбао — 31 декабря 1936, Саламанка) — испанский философ, писатель, общественный деятель, крупнейшая фигура «поколения 98 года».

Primary profile: Vladimir Nabokov Владимир Владимирович Набоков (публиковался также под псевдонимом Владимир Сирин; 10 апреля 1899, Санкт-Петербург — 2 июля 1977, Монтрё) — русский и американский писатель, поэт, переводчик, литературовед и энтомолог, эмигрировавший из России в 1919 году. Сын политика Владимира Набокова и внук сенатора Дмитрия Набокова, супруг Веры Набоковой, отец певца Дмитрия Набокова.

Aleksandr Kuprin (Russian: Александр Иванович Куприн; 7 September 1870 in the village of Narovchat in the Penza Oblast - August 25, 1938 in Leningrad) was a Russian writer, pilot, explorer and adventurer who is perhaps best known for his story The Duel (1905). Other well-known works include Moloch (1896), Olesya (1898), Junior Captain Rybnikov (1906), Emerald (1907), and The Garnet Bracelet (1911) (which was made into a 1965 movie). Vladimir Nabokov styled him the Russian Kipling for his stories about pathetic adventure-seekers, who are often "neurotic and vulnerable." Kuprin was a son of Ivan Ivanovich Kuprin, a minor government official who died of cholera during 1871 at the age of thirty-seven years. His mother, Liubov' Alekseevna Kuprina, Tatar princess (of the Kulunchakovs), like many other nobles in Russia, had lost most of her wealth during the 19th century. Kuprin attended the Razumovsky boarding school during 1876, and during 1880 finished his education in the Second Moscow Military High School (Cadet Corps) and Alexander Military School, spending a total of ten years in these elite military institutions. His first short story, The Last Debut, was published during 1889 in a satirical periodical. "In February 1902, Kuprin and Maria Karlovna Davydova were married, their daughter Lidia born in 1903." Kuprin's mother died during 1910. Kuprin ended military service during 1894, after which he tried many types of job, including provincial journalism, dental care, land surveying, acting, circus performer, church singer, doctor, hunter, fisher, etc. Reportedly, "all of these were subsequently reflected in his fiction." His first essays were published in Kiev in two collections. Reportedly, "although he lived in an age when writers were carried away by literary experiments, Kuprin did not seek innovation and wrote only about the things he himself had experienced and his heroes are the next generation after Chekhov's pessimists." Although the 1896 short story Moloch first made his name known as a writer, it was his novel The Duel (1905) which made him famous. "Kuprin was highly praised by fellow writers including Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Leonid Andreyev, Nobel Prize-winning Ivan Bunin" and Leo Tolstoy who acclaimed him a true successor to Chekhov. After publication of The Duel he paid less and less interest to fancy literature and began to spend time in pubs and brothels. His sensationalist novel about the lurid life of prostitutes, The Pit (1915), was accused by Russian critics of excessive Naturalism. Although not a conservative, he did not agree with Bolshevism. While working for a brief time with Maxim Gorky at the World Literature publishing company, he criticized the Soviet regime. During spring 1919, from Gatchina near Petrograd, Kuprin left the country for France. He lived in Paris for most of the next 17 years, succumbing to alcoholism. He wrote about this in much of his work. He eventually returned to Moscow on May 31, 1937, just a year before his death, at the height of the Great Purge. His return earned publication of his works within the Soviet Union. Kuprin died during the spring of 1938 in Leningrad and is interred near his fellow writers at the Literaturskiye Mostki in the Volkovo Cemetery (Volkovskoye Memorial Cemetery) in Leningrad. A minor planet 3618 Kuprin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979 is named after him. Reportedly, "even today, Alexander Kuprin remains one of the widest read classics in Russian literature", with many films based on his works, "which are also read over the radio", partly due to "his vivid stories of the lives of ordinary people and unhappy love, his descriptions of the military and brothels, making him a writer for all times and places."