Philosophical considerations. The inadequacy of our means of thought; The relativity of a human observer's approach to human affairs Reconsiderations of structural problems. The problem of quantity in the study of human affairs; The need for a comprehensive study of human affairs; The problem of organizing a comprehensive study of human affairs Reconsiderations of particular topics. Explanations & revisions of usages of terms; The relation between man & his environment; The transitional societies; Originality vs mimesis; The configuration of Middle American & Andean history; Rome's place in history; The configuration of Syriac history; Islam's place in history; The history & prospects of the Jews; The history & prospects of the West; Russia's place in history; A resurvey of civilizations; The next ledge; Annex: ad hominem; Annex: is there any master-activity in human affairs?; Annex: comment by Rabbi J.B. Agus on Professor Toynbee's use of the term "fossil" with reference to the Jewish community; Annex: comments by Rabbi J.B. Agus on the notion of uniqueness; Annex: comments by Rabbi J.B. Agus on the continuity of the prophetic element in Judaism; Annex: Spengler's concept of pseudomorphosis