Leonardo da Vinci (Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ) fue un pintor florentino y polímata (a la vez artista, científico, ingeniero, inventor, anatomista, escultor, arquitecto, urbanista, botánico, músico, poeta, filósofo y escritor) nacido en Vinci el 15 de abril de 1452 y fallecido en Amboise el 2 de mayo de 1519, a los 67 años, acompañado de su fiel Francesco Melzi, a quien legó sus proyectos, diseños y pinturas. Tras pasar su infancia en su ciudad natal, Leonardo estudió con el célebre pintor florentino Andrea de Verrocchio. Sus primeros trabajos de importancia fueron creados en Milán al servicio del duque Ludovico Sforza. Trabajó a continuación en Roma, Boloña y Venecia, y pasó los últimos años de su vida en Francia, por invitación del rey Francisco I. Frecuentemente descrito como un arquetipo y símbolo del hombre del Renacimiento, genio universal, además de filósofo humanista cuya curiosidad infinita sólo puede ser equiparable a su capacidad inventiva, Leonardo da Vinci es considerado como uno de los más grandes pintores de todos los tiempos y, probablemente, es la persona con el mayor número de talentos en múltiples disciplinas que jamás ha existido. Su asociación histórica más famosa es la pintura, siendo dos de sus obras más célebres, La Gioconda y La Última Cena, copiadas y parodiadas en varias ocasiones, al igual que su dibujo del Hombre de Vitruvio, que llegaría a ser retomado en numerosos trabajos derivados. No obstante, sólo se conocen una quincena de sus obras, debido principalmente a sus constantes (y a veces desastrosos) experimentos con nuevas técnicas y a su inconstancia crónica. Este reducido número de creaciones, junto con sus cuadernos que contienen dibujos, diagramas científicos y reflexiones sobre la naturaleza de la pintura, constituyen un legado para las sucesivas generaciones de artistas, llegando a ser igualado únicamente por Miguel Ángel. Como ingeniero e inventor, Leonardo desarrolló ideas muy adelantadas a su tiempo, tales como el helicóptero, el carro de combate, el submarino y el automóvil. Muy pocos de sus proyectos llegaron a construirse (entre ellos la máquina para medir el límite elástico de un cable), puesto que la mayoría no eran realizables aún en esa época. Como científico, Leonardo da Vinci hizo progresar mucho el conocimiento en las áreas de anatomía, la ingeniería civil, la óptica y la hidrodinámica. En 2010 se encontró un manuscrito en una biblioteca de Nantes que se ha atribuido a Leonardo y que trata del vuelo de los pájaros escrito en torno a 1504.
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It was on April 15, 1452, that Leonardo was born in the town of Vinci, Republic of Florence, in what is now in Italy, the illegitimate son of a notary and a barmaid. It is from his birthplace that he is known as Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo seemed to master every subject to which he turned his attention: he was a painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer, wrote poetry and stories: the prototype Renaissance man! His Last Supper (1495-97) and Mona Lisa (La Gioconda, 1503-06) are among the most popular paintings from the Renaissance. He and his rival Michelangelo did great service to the medical arts by accurate paintings of dissections, which were only occasionally allowed by the Church. Yet, his artistry appeared to be an afterthought, as he frequently left his works unfinished, and only about fifteen of his paintings survive. His notebooks reveal that he was centuries ahead of his time in mechanics and physic, fortifications, bridges, weapons, and river diversions to flood the enemy, which aided Italian city-states in their many wars. Leonardo was an early evolutionist regarding fossils. Through his careful observations he noted that “if the shells had been carried by the muddy deluge they would have been mixed up, and separated from each other amidst the mud, and not in regular steps and layers—as we see them now in our time.” Leonardo reasoned that what is now dry land, where these aquatic fossils were found, must once have been covered by seawater. He was for a short time accused of homosexuality: there is no evidence Leonardo had any sexual interest in women. As he wrote in his notebooks, “The act of procreation and anything that has any relation to it is so disgusting that human beings would soon die out if there were no pretty faces and sensuous dispositions.” And what of his religion? It is significant that at the end of his life he felt he had much spiritual negligence to atone for. His first biographer, Giorgio Vasari, wrote in 1550: "Finally, …feeling himself near to death, [he] asked to have himself diligently informed of the teaching of the Catholic faith, and of the good way and holy Christian religion; and then, with many moans, he confessed and was penitent; and … was pleased to take devoutly the most holy Sacrament, out of his bed. The King, who was wont often and lovingly to visit him, then came into the room; wherefore he, out of reverence … showed withal how much he had offended God and mankind in not having worked at his art as he should have done." There was much skepticism in Renaissance Italy at the time, and Leonardo was an intellectual genius, not just an artistic genius. While there was great intellectual freedom during the Italian Renaissance, there were limits as long as the Dominicans, the “Hounds of the Lord,” were active. This semblance of a deathbed conversion, by so critical a thinker and so great a genius as Leonardo, who would have nothing to lose by professing piety all his life, can only mean that during his prime years he was a secret freethinker. Leonardo died quietly on the 2 of May, 1519, a few weeks following his 67th birthday.
