Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications

Series · 104

books · 1891-2020

By Michel Grabisch, Walter Van Assche, Raffaella Servadei, and more

Books in series

The Theory of Partitions

1977

This book develops the theory of partitions. Simply put, the partitions of a number are the ways of writing that number as sums of positive integers. For example, the five partitions of 4 are 4, 3+1, 2+2, 2+1+1, and 1+1+1+1. Surprisingly, such a simple matter requires some deep mathematics for its study. This book considers the many theoretical aspects of this subject, which have in turn recently found applications to statistical mechanics, computer science and other branches of mathematics. With minimal prerequisites, this book is suitable for students as well as researchers in combinatorics, analysis, and number theory.

Symmetry and Separation of Variables

1978

Originally published in 1977, this volume is concerned with the relationship between symmetries of a linear second-order partial differential equation of mathematical physics, the coordinate systems in which the equation admits solutions via separation of variables, and the properties of the special functions that arise in this manner. Some group-theoretic twists in the ancient method of separation of variables that can be used to provide a foundation for much of special function theory are shown. In particular, it is shown explicitly that all special functions that arise via separation of variables in the equations of mathematical physics can be studied using group theory.

Permanents

1978

The purpose of this book, which was first published in 1978, is to give a complete account of the theory of permanents, their history and applications. This volume was the first complete account of the theory of permanents, covering virtually the whole of the subject, a feature that no simple survey of the theory of matrices can even attempt. The work also contains many results stated without formal proofs. This book can be used as a textbook at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level. The only prerequisites are a standard undergraduate course in the theory of matrices and a measure of mathematical maturity.

Angular Momentum in Quantum Physics

Theory and Application

1981

This 1985 text develops the theory of angular momentum from the viewpoint of a fundamental symmetry in nature and shows how this concept relates to applied areas of research in modern quantum physics.

The Racah-Wigner Algebra in Quantum Theory

1982

First published by Cambridge University Press in 1985, this series of Encyclopedia volumes attempts to present the factual body of all mathematics. Clarity of exposition and accessibility to the non-specialist were an important consideration in its design and language. The development of the algebraic aspects of angular momentum theory and the relationship between angular momentum theory and special topics in physics and mathematics are covered in this volume.

#10

Product Integration With Application to Differential Equations

1984

Originally published in 1979, this book shows the beautiful simplifications that can be brought to the theory of differential equations by treating such equations from the product integral viewpoint. The first chapter of the book, dealing with linear ordinary differential equations, should be accessible to anyone with a knowledge of matrix theory and elementary calculus. Later chapters assume more sophistication on the part of the reader. The essential unity of these subjects is illustrated by the fact that the idea of the product integral can be naturally and effectively used to deal with all of them.

#11

Continued Fractions

Analytic Theory and Applications

1984

This is an exposition of the analytic theory of continued fractions in the complex domain with emphasis on applications and computational methods.

#19

Birkhoff Interpolation

1984

This reference book provides the main definitions, theorems and techniques in the theory of Birkhoff interpolation by polynomials. The book begins with an article by G. G. Lorentz that discusses some of the important developments in approximation and interpolation in the last twenty years. It presents all the basic material known at the present time in a unified manner. Topics discussed include; applications of Birkhoff interpolation to approximation theory, quadrature formulas and Chebyshev systems; lacunary interpolation at special knots and an introduction to the theory of Birkhoff interpolation by splines.

#20

Finite Fields

1984

The theory of finite fields is a branch of modern algebra that has come to the fore in the last fifty years because of its diverse applications in such areas as combinatorics, coding theory and the mathematical study of switching circuits. This book, the first one devoted entirely to this theory, provides comprehensive coverage of the literature on finite fields and their applications. Extensive bibliographical notes at the end of each chapter give a historical survey of the development of the subject. Worked examples and lists of exercises found throughout the book make it useful as a text for advanced level courses.

#22

Field Extensions and Galois Theory

1984

Originally published in 1984, the principal objective of this book is to make the general theory of field extensions accessible to any reader with a modest background in groups, rings and vector spaces. Galois theory is generally regarded as one of the central and most beautiful parts of algebra and its creation marked the culmination of investigations by generations of mathematicians on one of the oldest problems in algebra, the solvability of polynomial equations by radicals.

#23

The One-Dimensional Heat Equation

1984

This is a version of Gevrey's classical treatise on the heat equations. Included in this volume are discussions of initial and/or boundary value problems, numerical methods, free boundary problems and parameter determination problems. The material is presented as a monograph and/or information source book. After the first six chapters of standard classical material, each chapter is written as a self-contained unit except for an occasional reference to elementary definitions, theorems and lemmas in previous chapters.

#24

The Banach-Tarski Paradox

1985

This volume explores the consequences of the paradox for measure theory and its connections with group theory, geometry, and logic. It unifies the results of contemporary research on the paradox and presents several new results including some unusual paradoxes in hyperbolic space. It also provides up to date proofs and discusses many unsolved problems.

#25

Computation and Automata

1985

This introduction to certain mathematical topics central to theoretical computer science treats computability and recursive functions, formal languages and automata, computational complexity, and cruptography. The presentation is essentially self-contained with detailed proofs of all statements provided. Although it begins with the basics, it proceeds to some of the most important recent developments in theoretical computer science.

#26

Theory of Matroids

1986

The theory of matroids is unique in the extent to which it connects such disparate branches of combinatorial theory and algebra as graph theory, lattice theory, design theory, combinatorial optimization, linear algebra, group theory, ring theory and field theory. Furthermore, matroid theory is alone among mathematical theories because of the number and variety of its equivalent axiom systems. Indeed, matroids are amazingly versatile and the approaches to the subject are varied and numerous. This book is a primer in the basic axioms and constructions of matroids. The contributions by various leaders in the field include chapters on axiom systems, lattices, basis exchange properties, orthogonality, graphs and networks, constructions, maps, semi-modular functions and an appendix on cryptomorphisms. The authors have concentrated on giving a lucid exposition of the individual topics; explanations of theorems are preferred to complete proofs and original work is thoroughly referenced. In addition, exercises are included for each topic.

#27

Regular Variation

1891

Both the theory and applications of regular variation are given comprehensive coverage in this volume. In many limit theorems, regular variation is intrinsic to the result and exactly characterizes the limit behavior. The book emphasizes such characterizations, and gives a comprehensive treatment of those applications where regular variation plays an essential (rather than merely convenient) role. The authors rigorously develop the basic ideas of Karamata theory and de Haan theory including many new results and "second-order" theorems. They go on to discuss the role of regular variation in Abelian, Tauberian, and Mercerian theorems. These results are then applied in analytic number theory, complex analysis, and probability, with the aim of setting the theory in context. A widely scattered literature is thus brought together in a unified approach. With several appendices and a comprehensive list of references, analysts, number theorists, probabilitists, research workers, and graduate students will find this an invaluable and complete account of regular variation.

#28

Rational Approximation of Real Functions

1988

Originally published in 1987, this book is devoted to the approximation of real functions by real rational functions. These are, in many ways, a more convenient tool than polynomials, and interest in them was growing, especially since D. Newman's work in the mid-sixties. The authors aim at presenting the basic achievements of the subject and, for completeness, also discuss some topics from complex rational approximation. Certain classical and modern results from linear approximation theory and spline approximation are also included for comparative purposes. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in approximation theory and numerical analysis.

#29

Combinatorial Geometries

1987

A continuation of The Theory of Matroids, (edited by N. White), this volume consists of a series of related surveys by top authorities on coordinatizations, matching theory, transversal and simplicial matroids, and studies of important matroid variants. An entire chapter is devoted to matroids in combinatorial optimization, a topic of current interest. Care has been taken to ensure a uniform style throughout, and to make a work that can be used as a reference or as a graduate textbook. Excercises are included.

#30

Algorithmic Algebraic Number Theory

1989

This classic book gives a thorough introduction to constructive algebraic number theory, and is therefore especially suited as a textbook for a course on that subject. It also provides a comprehensive look at recent research. For experimental number theoreticians, the authors developed new methods and obtained new results of great importance for them. Both computer scientists interested in higher arithmetic and those teaching algebraic number theory will find the book of value.

#31

Functional Equations in Several Variables

With Applications to Mathematics, Information Theory and to the Natural and Social Sciences

1989

Deals with modern theory of functional equations in several variables and their applications to mathematics, information theory, and the natural, behavioral, and social sciences. The authors emphasize applications, although not at the expense of theory, and have kept the prerequisites to a minimum; the reader should be familiar with calculus and some simple structures of algebra and have a basic knowledge of Lebesque integration. For the applications the authors have included references and explained the results used. The book is designed so that the chapters may be read almost independently of each other, enabling a selection of material to be chosen for introductory and advanced courses. Each chapter concludes with exercises and further results, 400 in all, which extend and test the material presented in the text. The history of functional equations is well documented in a final chapter which is complemented by an encyclopedic bibliography of over 1600 items. This volume will be of interest to professionals and graduate students in pure and applied mathematics.

#32

Iterative Functional Equations

1990

A cohesive and comprehensive account of the modern theory of iterative functional equations. Many of the results included have appeared before only in research literature, making this an essential volume for all those working in functional equations and in such areas as dynamical systems and chaos, to which the theory is closely related. The authors introduce the reader to the theory and then explore the most recent developments and general results. Fundamental notions such as the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the equations are stressed throughout, as are applications of the theory to such areas as branching processes, differential equations, ergodic theory, functional analysis and geometry. Other topics covered include systems of linear and nonlinear equations of finite and infinite ORD various function classes, conjugate and commutable functions, linearization, iterative roots of functions, and special functional equations.

#33

Factorization Calculus and Geometric Probability

1990

The classical subjects of geometric probability and integral geometry, and the more modern one of stochastic geometry, are developed here in a novel way to provide a framework in which they can be studied. The author focuses on factorization properties of measures and probabilities implied by the assumption of their invariance with respect to a group, in order to investigate nontrivial factors. The study of these properties is the central theme of the book. Basic facts about integral geometry and random point process theory are developed in a simple geometric way, so that the whole approach is suitable for a nonspecialist audience. Even in the later chapters, where the factorization principles are applied to geometrical processes, the only prerequisites are standard courses on probability and analysis. The main ideas presented have application to such areas as stereology and geometrical statistics and this book will be a useful reference book for university students studying probability theory and stochastic geometry, and research mathematicians interested in this area.

#36

Comparison of Statistical Experiments

1991

The present work examines the various methods of comparing statistical experiments. It begins by introducing statistical experiments and convex analysis. This chapter is followed by others on game theory, decision theory, and vector lattices, which are a natural framework for studying statistical problems. The notion of deficiency, which measures the difference in information between two experiments, is then introduced. The relation between it and other concepts, such as sufficiency, randomization, distance, ordering, equivalence, completeness and convergence are also explored. The remainder of the book is devoted to applications of the theory to linear models, local comparison of differentiable experiments, majorization, and discussions of topics complementary to the main text.

#37

Interval Methods for Systems of Equations

1991

An interval is a natural way of specifying a number that is specified only within certain tolerances. Interval analysis consists of the tools and methods needed to solve linear and nonlinear systems of equations in the presence of data uncertainties. Applications include the sensitivity analysis of solutions of equations depending on parameters, the solution of global nonlinear problems, and the verification of results obtained by finite-precision arithmetic. In this book emphasis is laid on those aspects of the theory which are useful in actual computations. On the other hand, the theory is developed with full mathematical rigour. In order to keep the book self-contained, various results from linear algebra (Perron-Frobenius theory, M- and H- matrices) and analysis (existence of solutions to nonlinear systems) are proved, often from a novel and more general viewpoint. An extensive bibliography is included.

#38

Exact Constants in Approximation Theory

1991

This book is a self-contained introduction to the particular area of approximation theory concerned with exact constants; the results apply mainly to extremal problems in approximation theory, which in turn are closely related to numerical analysis and optimization. The book encompasses a wide range of questions and best approximation by polynomials and splines; linear approximation methods, such as spline-approximation; and optimal reconstruction of functions and linear functionals. Many of the results are based on facts from analysis and function theory, such as duality theory and comparison theorems. Each chapter concludes with commentary, exercises, and extensions of results, and a substantial bibliography is also included.

#39

Combinatorial Matrix Theory

1991

The book deals with the many connections between matrices, graphs, diagraphs and bipartite graphs. The basic theory of network flows is developed in order to obtain existence theorems for matrices with prescribed combinatorical properties and to obtain various matrix decomposition theorems. Other chapters cover the permanent of a matrix and Latin squares. The book ends by considering algebraic characterizations of combinatorical properties and the use of combinatorial arguments in proving classical algebraic theorems, including the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem and the Jorda Canonical Form.

#40

Matroid Applications

1992

This volume, the third in a sequence that began with The Theory of Matroids (1986) and Combinatorial Geometries (1987), concentrates on the applications of matroid theory to a variety of topics from geometry (rigidity and lattices), combinatorics (graphs, codes, and designs) and operations research (the greedy algorithm).

#41

Operator Algebras in Dynamical Systems

1991

This book is concerned with the theory of unbounded derivations in C\-algebras, a subject whose study was motivated by questions in quantum physics and statistical mechanics, and to which the author has made considerable contributions. This is an active area of research, and one of the most ambitious aims of the theory is to develop quantum statistical mechanics within the framework of C\-theory. The presentation concentrates on topics involving quantum statistical mechanics and differentiations on manifolds. One of the goals is to formulate the absence theorem of phase transitions in its most general form within the C\* setting. For the first time, the author globally constructs, within that setting, derivations for a fairly wide class of interacting models, and presents a new axiomatic treatment of the construction of time evolutions and KMS states.

#42

Model Theory

1993

Professor Hodges emphasizes definability and methods of construction, and introduces the reader to advanced topics such as stability. He also provides the reader with much historical information and a full bibliography, enhancing the book's use as a reference.

#44

Convex Bodies

The Brunn-Minkowski Theory

1993

At the heart of this monograph is the Brunn-Minkowski theory. It can be used to great effect in studying such ideas as volume and surface area and the generalizations of these. In particular the notions of mixed volume and mixed area arise naturally and the fundamental inequalities that are satisfied by mixed volumes are considered in detail. The author presents a comprehensive introduction to convex bodies and gives full proofs for some deeper theorems that have never previously been brought together. Many hints and pointers to connections with other fields are given, and an exhaustive reference list is included.

#46

Oriented Matroids

1993

This second edition of the first comprehensive, accessible account of the subject is intended for a diverse audience: graduate students who wish to learn the subject, researchers in the various fields of application who want to concentrate on certain theoretical aspects, and specialists who need a thorough reference work. For the second edition, the authors have greatly expanded the bibliography to ensure that it is comprehensive and up-to-date, and have also added an appendix surveying research since the first edition. A list of exercises and open problems ends each chapter.

#47

Stopping Times and Directed Processes

1992

The notion of "stopping times" is a useful one in probability theory; it can be applied to both classical problems and new ones. This book presents this technique in the context of the directed set, stochastic processes indexed by directed sets, and provides many applications in probability, analysis, and ergodic theory. The book opens with a discussion of pointwise and stochastic convergence of processes with concise proofs arising from the method of stochastic convergence. Later, the rewording of Vitali covering conditions in terms of stopping times, clarifies connections with the theory of stochastic processes. Solutions are presented here for nearly all the open problems in the Krickeberg convergence theory for martingales and submartingales indexed by directed set. Another theme is the unification of martingale and ergodic theorems. Among the topics treated are: the three-function maximal inequality, Burkholder's martingale transform inequality and prophet inequalities, convergence in Banach spaces, and a general superadditive ration ergodic theorem. From this, the general Chacon-Ornstein theorem and the Chacon theorem can be derived. A second instance of the unity of ergodic and martingale theory is a general principle showing that in both theories, all the multiparameter convergence theorems follow from one-parameter maximal and convergence theorems.

#48

Computation with Finitely Presented Groups

1994

The book describes methods for working with elements, subgroups, and quotient groups of a finitely presented group. The author emphasizes the connection with fundamental algorithms from theoretical computer science, particularly the theory of automata and formal languages, from computational number theory, and from computational commutative algebra. The LLL lattice reduction algorithm and various algorithms for Hermite and Smith normal forms are used to study the Abelian quotients of a finitely presented group. The work of Baumslag, Cannonito, and Miller on computing non-Abelian polycyclic quotients is described as a generalization of Buchberger's Gröbner basis methods to right ideals in the integral group ring of a polycyclic group.

#50

Handbook of Categorical Algebra

Volume 1, Basic Category Theory

1994

A Handbook of Categorical Algebra, in three volumes, is a detailed account of everything a mathematician needs to know about category theory. Each volume is self-contained and is accessible to graduate students with a good background in mathematics. Volume 1 is devoted to general concepts. After introducing the terminology and proving the fundamental results concerning limits, adjoint functors and Kan extensions, the categories of fractions are studied in detail; special consideration is paid to the case of localizations. The remainder of the first volume studies various "refinements" of the fundamental concepts of category and functor.

#51

EOM

51 Handbk Categorcl Algebra v2

1994

The second volume, which assumes familiarity with the material in the first, introduces important classes of categories that have played a fundamental role in the subject's development and applications. In addition, after several chapters discussing specific categories, the book develops all the major concepts concerning Benabou's ideas of fibered categories.

#53

Random Graphs

1998

The book is devoted to the study of classical combinatorial structures such as random graphs, permutations, and systems of random linear equations in finite fields. The author shows how the application of the generalized scheme of allocation in the study of random graphs and permutations reduces the combinatorial problems to classical problems of probability theory on the summation of independent random variables. He offers recent research by Russian mathematicians, including a discussion of equations containing an unknown permutation, and the first English-language presentation of techniques for solving systems of random linear equations in finite fields. These new results will interest specialists in combinatorics and probability theory and will also be useful to researchers in applied areas of probabilistic combinatorics such as communication theory, cryptology, and mathematical genetics.

#54

Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems

1995

This book provides a self-contained comprehensive exposition of the theory of dynamical systems. The book begins with a discussion of several elementary but crucial examples. These are used to formulate a program for the general study of asymptotic properties and to introduce the principal theoretical concepts and methods. The main theme of the second part of the book is the interplay between local analysis near individual orbits and the global complexity of the orbit structure. The third and fourth parts develop the theories of low-dimensional dynamical systems and hyperbolic dynamical systems in depth. The book is aimed at students and researchers in mathematics at all levels from advanced undergraduate and up.

#55

Combinatorial Methods in Discrete Mathematics

1996

Originally published in 1996, this is a presentation of some complex problems of discrete mathematics in a simple and unified form using an original, general combinatorial scheme. The author's aim is not always to present the most general results, but rather to focus attention on ones that illustrate the methods described. A distinctive aspect of the book is the large number of asymptotic formulae derived. Professor Sachkov begins with a discussion of block designs and Latin squares before proceeding to treat transversals, devoting much attention to enumerative problems. The main role in these problems is played by generating functions, which are considered in Chapter 3. The general combinatorial scheme is then introduced and in the last chapter Polya's enumerative theory is discussed. This is an important book, describing many ideas not previously available in English; the author has taken the chance to update the text and references where appropriate.

#56

Probabilistic Methods in Combinatorial Analysis

1997

This work explores the role of probabilistic methods for solving combinatorial problems. The subjects studied are nonnegative matrices, partitions and mappings of finite sets, with special emphasis on permutations and graphs, and equivalence classes specified on sequences of finite length consisting of elements of partially ordered sets; these define the probabilistic setting of Sachkov's general combinatorial scheme. The author pays special attention to using probabilistic methods to obtain asymptotic formulae that are difficult to derive using combinatorial methods. This important book describes many ideas not previously available in English and will be of interest to graduate students and professionals in mathematics and probability theory.

#57

Skew Fields

Theory of General Division Rings

1995

Algebraists have studied noncommutative fields (also called skew fields or division rings) less thoroughly than their commutative counterparts. Most existing accounts have been confined to division algebras, i.e. skew fields that are finite dimensional over their center. This work offers the first comprehensive account of skew fields. It is based on the author's LMS Lecture Note Volume "Skew Field Constructions". The axiomatic foundation and a precise description of the embedding problem precedes an account of algebraic and topological construction methods. The author presents his general embedding theory with full proofs, leading to the construction of skew fields. The author has simplified his treatment of equations over skew fields and has extended it by the use of matrix methods. A separate chapter describes valuations and orderings on skew fields, with a construction applicable to free fields. Numerous exercises test the reader's understanding, presenting further aspects and open problems in concise form. Notes and comments at the end of chapters provide historical background. The book will appeal to researchers in algebra, logic, and algebraic geometry, as well as graduate students in these fields.

#58

Geometric Tomography

2006

Geometric tomography deals with the retrieval of information about a geometric object from data concerning its projections (shadows) on planes or cross-sections by planes. It is a geometric relative of computerized tomography, which reconstructs an image from X-rays of a human patient. The subject overlaps with convex geometry and employs many tools from that area, including some formulas from integral geometry. It also has connections to discrete tomography, geometric probing in robotics and to stereology. This comprehensive study provides a rigorous treatment of the subject. Although primarily meant for researchers and graduate students in geometry and tomography, brief introductions, suitable for advanced undergraduates, are provided to the basic concepts. More than 70 illustrations are used to clarify the text. The book also presents 66 unsolved problems. Each chapter ends with extensive notes, historical remarks, and some biographies. This edition includes numerous updates and improvements, with some 300 new references bringing the total to over 800.

#59

Padé Approximants

1970

This second edition is a comprehensive treatment of all straightforward aspects of Padé approximation, and the authors develop some themes to the level of current research. They extensively cover applications to statistical mechanics and critical phenomena, and there are newly extended sections devoted to circuit design, matrix Padé approximation, computational methods, and integral and algebraic approximants. The new edition also contains a chapter on multiseries approximants. The book contains an extensive bibliography of recent monographs on other specialized material. This succinct and straightforward treatment will appeal to scientists, engineers, and mathematicians alike.

#60

Bounded Arithmetic, Propositional Logic and Complexity Theory

1995

This book presents an up-to-date, unified treatment of research in bounded arithmetic and complexity of propositional logic with emphasis on independence proofs and lower bound proofs. The author discusses the deep connections between logic and complexity theory and lists a number of intriguing open problems. An introduction to the basics of logic and complexity is followed by discussion of important results in propositional proof systems and systems of bounded arithmetic. Then more advanced topics are treated, including polynomial simulations and conservativity results, various witnessing theorems, the translation of bounded formulas (and their proofs) into propositional ones, the method of random partial restrictions and its applications, simple independence proofs, complete systems of partial relations, lower bounds to the size of constant-depth propositional proofs, the approximation method and the method of Boolean valuations, combinatorics and complexity theory within bounded arithmetic, and relations to complexity issues of predicate calculus. Students and researchers in mathematical logic and complexity theory will find his comprehensive treatment an excellent guide to this expanding interdisciplinary area.

#61

Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics

1996

This is the first comprehensive exposition of the application of spherical harmonics to prove geometric results. The author presents all the necessary tools from classical theory of spherical harmonics with full proofs. Groemer uses these tools to prove geometric inequalities, uniqueness results for projections and intersection by planes or half-spaces, stability results, and characterizations of convex bodies of a particular type, such as rotors in convex polytopes. Results arising from these analytical techniques have proved useful in many applications, particularly those related to stereology. To make the treatment as self-contained as possible the book begins with background material in analysis and the geometry of convex sets.

#62

Infinite Dimensional Optimization and Control Theory

1999

This book concerns existence and necessary conditions, such as Potryagin's maximum principle, for optimal control problems described by ordinary and partial differential equations. The author obtains these necessary conditions from Kuhn-Tucker theorems for nonlinear programming problems in infinite dimensional spaces. The optimal control problems include control constraints, state constraints and target conditions. Fattorini studies evolution partial differential equations using semigroup theory, abstract differential equations in linear spaces, integral equations and interpolation theory. The author establishes existence of optimal controls for arbitrary control sets by means of a general theory of relaxed controls. Applications include nonlinear systems described by partial differential equations of hyperbolic and parabolic type and results on convergence of suboptimal controls.

#63

Minkowski Geometry

1996

Minkowski geometry is a type of non-Euclidean geometry in a finite number of dimensions in which distance is not 'uniform' in all directions. This book presents the first comprehensive treatment of Minkowski geometry since the 1940s. The author begins by describing the fundamental metric properties and the topological properties of existence of Minkowski space. This is followed by a treatment of two-dimensional spaces and characterisations of Euclidean space among normed spaces. The central three chapters present the theory of area and volume in normed spaces, a fascinating geometrical interplay among the various roles of the ball in Euclidean space. Later chapters deal with trigonometry and differential geometry in Minkowski spaces. The book ends with a brief look at J. J. Schaffer's ideas on the intrinsic geometry of the unit sphere. Minkowski Geometry will appeal to students and researchers interested in geometry, convexity theory and functional analysis.

#64

Nonnegative Matrices and Applications

1997

This book provides an integrated treatment of the theory of nonnegative matrices and some related classes of positive matrices, concentrating on connections with game theory, combinatorics, inequalities, optimization and mathematical economics. The authors have chosen the wide variety of applications, which include price fixing, scheduling, and the fair division problem, both for their elegant mathematical content and for their accessibility to students with minimal preparation. They present many new results in matrix theory for the first time in book form, while they present more standard topics in a novel fashion. The treatment is rigorous and almost all results are proved completely. These new results and applications will be of great interest to researchers in linear programming, statistics, and operations research. The minimal prerequisites also make the book accessible to first year graduate students.

#65

Sperner Theory

1997

Sperner's theorem stimulated the development of a fast-growing theory dealing with external problems on finite sets and, more generally, on finite partially ordered sets. This book presents Sperner theory from a unified point of view, bringing combinatorial techniques together with methods from programming, linear algebra, Lie-algebra representations and eigenvalue methods, probability theory, and enumerative combinatorics.

#66

Eigenspaces of Graphs

1997

Graph theory is an important branch of contemporary combinatorial mathematics. By describing recent results in algebraic graph theory and demonstrating how linear algebra can be used to tackle graph-theoretical problems, the authors provide new techniques for specialists in graph theory. The book explains how the spectral theory of finite graphs can be strengthened by exploiting properties of the eigenspaces of adjacency matrices associated with a graph. The extension of spectral techniques proceeds at three levels: using eigenvectors associated with an arbitrary labeling of graph vertices, using geometrical invariants of eigenspaces such as graph angles and main angles, and introducing certain kinds of canonical eigenvectors by means of star partitions and star bases. Current research on these topics is part of a wider effort to forge closer links between algebra and combinatorics. Problems of graph reconstruction and identification are used to illustrate the importance of graph angles and star partitions in relation to graph structure. Specialists in graph theory will welcome this treatment of important new research.

#67

Combinatorial Species and Tree-like Structures

1997

The combinatorial theory of species, introduced by Joyal in 1980, provides a unified understanding of the use of generating functions for both labeled and unlabeled structures as well as a tool for the specification and analysis of these structures. This key reference presents the basic elements of the theory and gives a unified account of its developments and applications. The authors offer a modern introduction to the use of various generating functions, with applications to graphical enumeration, Polya Theory and analysis of data structures in computer science, and to other areas such as special functions, functional equations, asymptotic analysis, and differential equations.

#70

Orthonormal Systems and Banach Space Geometry

1998

Orthonormal Systems and Banach Space Geometry describes the interplay between orthonormal expansions and Banach space geometry. Using harmonic analysis as a starting platform, classical inequalities and special functions are used to study orthonormal systems leading to an understanding of the advantages of systems consisting of characters on compact Abelian groups. Probabilistic concepts such as random variables and martingales are employed and Ramsey's theorem is used to study the theory of super-reflexivity. The text yields a detailed insight into concepts including type and co-type of Banach spaces, B-convexity, super-reflexivity, the vector-valued Fourier transform, the vector-valued Hilbert transform and the unconditionality property for martingale differences (UMD). A long list of unsolved problems is included as a starting point for research. This book should be accessible to graduate students and researchers with some basic knowledge of Banach space theory, real analysis, probability and algebra.

#71

Special Functions

1999

Special functions, which include the trigonometric functions, have been used for centuries. Their role in the solution of differential equations was exploited by Newton and Leibniz, and the subject of special functions has been in continuous development ever since. In just the past thirty years several new special functions and applications have been discovered. This treatise presents an overview of the area of special functions, focusing primarily on the hypergeometric functions and the associated hypergeometric series. It includes both important historical results and recent developments and shows how these arise from several areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Particular emphasis is placed on formulas that can be used in computation. The book begins with a thorough treatment of the gamma and beta functions that are essential to understanding hypergeometric functions. Later chapters discuss Bessel functions, orthogonal polynomials and transformations, the Selberg integral and its applications, spherical harmonics, q-series, partitions, and Bailey chains. This clear, authoritative work will be a lasting reference for students and researchers in number theory, algebra, combinatorics, differential equations, applied mathematics, mathematical computing, and mathematical physics.

#72

Quantum Field Theory for Mathematicians

1999

Ticciati's approach to quantum field theory falls between building a mathematical model of the subject and presenting the mathematics that physicists actually use. It begins with the need to combine special relativity and quantum mechanics and culminates in a basic understanding of the standard model of electroweak and strong interactions. The book is divided into five parts: canonical quantization of scalar fields, Weyl, Dirac and vector fields, functional integral quantization, the standard model of the electroweak and strong interactions, renormalization. This should be a useful reference for those interested in quantum theory and related areas of function theory, functional analysis, differential geometry or topological invariant theory.

#73

Semimodular Lattices

Theory and Applications

1999

Lattice theory evolved as part of algebra in the nineteenth century through the work of Boole, Peirce and Schröder, and in the first half of the twentieth century through the work of Dedekind, Birkhoff, Ore, von Neumann, Mac Lane, Wilcox, Dilworth, and others. In Semimodular Lattices, Manfred Stern uses successive generalizations of distributive and modular lattices to outline the development of semimodular lattices from Boolean algebras. He focuses on the important theory of semimodularity, its many ramifications, and its applications in discrete mathematics, combinatorics, and algebra. The author surveys and analyzes Birkhoff's concept of semimodularity and the various related concepts in lattice theory, and he presents theoretical results as well as applications in discrete mathematics group theory and universal algebra. Special emphasis is given to the combinatorial aspects of finite semimodular lattices and to the connections between matroids and geometric lattices, antimatroids and locally distributive lattices. The book also deals with lattices that are "close" to semimodularity or can be combined with semimodularity, for example supersolvable, admissible, consistent, strong, and balanced lattices. Researchers in lattice theory, discrete mathematics, combinatorics, and algebra will find this book valuable.

#76

EOM

76 Geometry Sporadic Groups v1

1999

This book is the first volume in a two-volume set, which will provide the complete proof of classification of two important classes of geometries, closely related to each Petersen and tilde geometries. There is an infinite family of tilde geometries associated with nonsplit extensions of symplectic groups over a field of two elements. Besides that there are twelve exceptional Petersen and tilde geometries. These exceptional geometries are related to sporadic simple groups, including the famous Monster group and this volume gives a construction for each of the Petersen and tilde geometries that provides an independent existence proof for the corresponding automorphism group. Important applications of Petersen and tilde geometries are considered, including the so-called Y-presentations for the Monster and related groups, and a complete identification of Y-groups is given. This is an essential purchase for researchers in finite group theory, finite geometries and algebraic combinatorics.

#77

Polynomials with Special Regard to Reducibility

2000

This treatise covers most of the known results on reducibility of polynomials over arbitrary fields, algebraically closed fields, and finitely generated fields. The author includes several theorems on reducibility of polynomials over number fields that are either totally real or complex multiplication fields. Some of these results are based on the recent work of E. Bombieri and U. Zannier, presented here by Zannier in an appendix. The book also treats other subjects such as Ritt's theory of composition of polynomials, and properties of the Mahler measure and concludes with a bibliography of over 300 items.

#80

Lie's Structural Approach to PDE Systems

2000

Here is a lucid and comprehensive introduction to the differential geometric study of partial differential equations (PDE). The first book to present substantial results on local solvability of general and nonlinear PDE systems without using power series techniques, it describes a general approach to PDE systems based on ideas developed by Lie, Cartan and Vessiot. The central theme is the exploitation of singular vector field systems and their first integrals. These considerations naturally lead to local Lie groups, Lie pseudogroups and the equivalence problem, all of which are covered in detail. This book will be a valuable resource for graduate students and researchers in partial differential equations, Lie groups and related fields.

#82

The Foundations of Mathematics in the Theory of Sets

2001

This unified approach to the foundations of mathematics in the theory of sets covers both conventional and finitary (constructive) mathematics. It is based on a philosophical, historical and mathematical analysis of the relation between the concepts of "natural number" and "set". The book contains an investigation of the logic of quantification over the universe of sets and a discussion of its role in second order logic, and the analysis of proof by induction and definition by recursion. The book should appeal to both philosophers and mathematicians with an interest in the foundations of mathematics.

#83

Navier-Stokes Equations and Turbulence

2001

This book presents the mathematical theory of turbulence to engineers and physicists, and the physical theory of turbulence to mathematicians. It is the result of many years of research by the authors to analyze turbulence using Sobolev spaces and functional analysis. In this way the authors have recovered parts of the conventional theory of turbulence, deriving rigorously from the Navier-Stokes equations that had been arrived at earlier by phenomenological arguments. Appendices give full details of the mathematical proofs and subtleties.

#84

Geometries on Surfaces

2001

One century after Hilbert constructed the first example of a non-classical affine plane, this book aims to summarize all the major results about geometries on surfaces. Acting both as a reference and a monograph, the authors have included detailed sections on what is known as well as outlining problems that remain to be solved. There are sections on classical geometries, methods for constructing non-classical geometries and classifications and characterizations of geometries. This work is related to a host of other fields including approximation, convexity, differential geometry topology and many more. This book will appeal to students, researchers and lecturers working in geometry or any one of the many associated areas outlined above.

#85

Asymptotics and Mellin-Barnes Integrals

2001

Asymptotics and Mellin-Barnes Integrals provides an account of the use and properties of a type of complex integral representation that arises frequently in the study of special functions typically of interest in classical analysis and mathematical physics. After developing the properties of these integrals, their use in determining the asymptotic behavior of special functions is detailed. Although such integrals have a long history, the book's account includes recent research results in analytic number theory and hyperasymptotics. The book also fills a gap in the literature on asymptotic analysis and special functions by providing a thorough account of the use of Mellin-Barnes integrals that is otherwise not available in standard references on asymptotics.

#87

An Algebraic Introduction to K-Theory

2002

This book is both an introduction to K-theory and a text in algebra. These two roles are entirely compatible. On the one hand, nothing more than the basic algebra of groups, rings, and modules is needed to explain the clasical algebraic K-theory. On the other hand, K-theory is a natural organizing principle for the standard topics of a second course in algebra, and these topics are presented carefully here. The reader will not only learn algebraic K-theory, but also Dedekind domains, class groups, semisimple rings, character theory, quadratic forms, tensor products, localization, completion, tensor algebras, symmetric algebras, exterior algebras, central simple algebras, and Brauer groups. The presentation is self-contained, with all the necessary background and proofs, and is divided into short sections with exercises to reinforce the ideas and suggest further lines of inquiry. The prerequisites are just a first semester of algebra (including Galois theory and modules over a principal ideal domain). No experience with homological algebra, analysis, geometry, number theory, or topology is assumed. The author has successfuly used this text to teach algebra to first year graduate students. Selected topics can be used to construct a variety of one-semester courses; coverage of the entire text requires a full year.

#92

Abstract Regular Polytopes

2002

Abstract regular polytopes stand at the end of more than two millennia of geometrical research, which began with regular polygons and polyhedra. The rapid development of the subject in the past twenty years has resulted in a rich new theory featuring an attractive interplay of mathematical areas, including geometry, combinatorics, group theory and topology. This is the first comprehensive, up-to-date account of the subject and its ramifications. It meets a critical need for such a text, because no book has been published in this area since Coxeter's "Regular Polytopes" (1948) and "Regular Complex Polytopes" (1974).

#93

Continuous Lattices and Domains

2003

Information content and programming semantics are just two of the applications of the mathematical concepts of order, continuity and domains. This authoritative and comprehensive account of the subject will be an essential handbook for all those working in the area. An extensive index and bibliography make this an ideal sourcebook for all those working in domain theory.

#95

The Mountain Pass Theorem

Variants, Generalizations and Some Applications

2003

Joussef Jabri presents min-max methods through a comprehensive study of the different faces of the celebrated Mountain Pass Theorem (MPT) of Ambrosetti and Rabinowitz. Jabri clarifies the extensions and variants of the MPT in a complete and unified way and covers standard the classical and dual MPT; second-order information from PS sequences; symmetry and topological index theory; perturbations from symmetry; convexity and more. He also covers the non-smooth MPT; the geometrically constrained MPT; numerical approaches to the MPT; and even more exotic variants. A bibliography and detailed index are also included.

#96

Basic Hypergeometric Series

1990

This updated edition will continue to meet the needs for an authoritative comprehensive analysis of the rapidly growing field of basic hypergeometric series, or q-series. It includes deductive proofs, exercises, and useful appendices. Three new chapters have been added to this edition covering q-series in two and more variables: linear- and bilinear-generating functions for basic orthogonal polynomials; and summation and transformation formulas for elliptic hypergeometric series. In addition, the text and bibliography have been expanded to reflect recent developments. First Edition Hb (1990): 0-521-35049-2

#98

Classical and Quantum Orthogonal Polynomials in One Variable

2005

Coverage is encyclopedic in the first modern treatment of orthogonal polynomials from the viewpoint of special functions. It includes classical topics such as Jacobi, Hermite, Laguerre, Hahn, Charlier and Meixner polynomials as well as those (e.g. Askey-Wilson and Al-Salam—Chihara polynomial systems) discovered over the last 50 years and multiple orthogonal polynomials are discussed for the first time in book form. Many modern applications of the subject are dealt with, including birth- and death- processes, integrable systems, combinatorics, and physical models. A chapter on open research problems and conjectures is designed to stimulate further research on the subject.

#100

Large Deviations and Metastability

2004

The book provides a general introduction to the theory of large deviations and a wide overview of the metastable behaviour of stochastic dynamics. With only minimal prerequisites, the book covers all the main results and brings the reader to the most recent developments. Particular emphasis is given to the fundamental Freidlin-Wentzell results on small random perturbations of dynamical systems. Metastability is first described on physical grounds, following which more rigorous approaches to its description are developed. Many relevant examples are considered from the point of view of the so-called pathwise approach. The first part of the book develops the relevant tools including the theory of large deviations which are then used to provide a physically relevant dynamical description of metastability. Written to be accessible to graduate students, this book provides an excellent route into contemporary research.

#102

Combinatorial Matrix Classes

2006

Steven Finch provides 136 essays, each devoted to a mathematical constant or a class of constants, from the well known to the highly exotic. This book is helpful both to readers seeking information about a specific constant, and to readers who desire a panoramic view of all constants coming from a particular field, for example, combinatorial enumeration or geometric optimization. Unsolved problems appear virtually everywhere as well. This work represents an outstanding scholarly attempt to bring together all significant mathematical constants in one place.

#103

Well-Posed Linear Systems

2005

Many infinite-dimensional linear systems can be modelled in a Hilbert space setting. Others, such as those dealing with heat transfer or population dynamics, need to be set more generally in Banach spaces. This is the first book dealing with well-posed infinite-dimensional linear systems with an input, a state, and an output in a Hilbert or Banach space setting. It is also the first to describe the class of non-well-posed systems induced by system nodes. The author shows how standard finite-dimensional results from systems theory can be extended to these more general classes of systems, and complements them with new results which have no finite-dimensional counterpart. Much of the material presented is original, and many results have never appeared in book form before. A comprehensive bibliography rounds off this work which will be indispensable to all working in systems theory, operator theory, delay equations and partial differential equations.

#104

Dynamic Data Assimilation

A Least Squares Approach

2006

Dynamic data assimilation is the assessment, combination and synthesis of observational data, scientific laws and mathematical models to determine the state of a complex physical system, for instance as a preliminary step in making predictions about the system's behaviour. The topic has assumed increasing importance in fields such as numerical weather prediction where conscientious efforts are being made to extend the term of reliable weather forecasts beyond the few days that are presently feasible. This book is designed to be a basic one-stop reference for graduate students and researchers. It is based on graduate courses taught over a decade to mathematicians, scientists, and engineers, and its modular structure accommodates the various audience requirements. Thus Part I is a broad introduction to the history, development and philosophy of data assimilation, illustrated by examples; Part II considers the classical, static approaches, both linear and nonlinear; and Part III describes computational techniques. Parts IV to VII are concerned with how statistical and dynamic ideas can be incorporated into the classical framework. Key themes covered here include estimation theory, stochastic and dynamic models, and sequential filtering. The final part addresses the predictability of dynamical systems. Chapters end with a section that provides pointers to the literature, and a set of exercises with instructive hints.

#105

Applied Combinatorics on Words

2002

A series of important applications of combinatorics on words has emerged with the development of computerized text and string processing. The aim of this volume, the third in a trilogy, is to present a unified treatment of some of the major fields of applications. After an introduction that sets the scene and gathers together the basic facts, there follow chapters in which applications are considered in detail. The areas covered include core algorithms for text processing, natural language processing, speech processing, bioinformatics, and areas of applied mathematics such as combinatorial enumeration and fractal analysis. No special prerequisites are needed, and no familiarity with the application areas or with the material covered by the previous volumes is required. The breadth of application, combined with the inclusion of problems and algorithms and a complete bibliography will make this book ideal for graduate students and professionals in mathematics, computer science, biology and linguistics.

#106

Analytic Tomography

2005

This book is a comprehensive study of the Radon transform, which operates on a function by integrating it over hyperplanes. The book begins with an elementary and graphical introduction to the Radon transform, tomography and CT scanners, followed by a rigorous development of the basic properties of the Radon transform. Next the author introduces Grassmann manifolds in the study of the k-plane transform (a version of the Radon transform) which integrates over k-dimensional planes rather than hyperplanes. The remaining chapters are concerned with more advanced topics.

#107

Multiple Scattering

Interaction of Time-Harmonic Waves with N Obstacles

2006

The interaction of waves with obstacles is an everyday phenomenon in science and engineering, arising for example in acoustics, electromagnetism, seismology and hydrodynamics. The mathematical theory and technology needed to understand the phenomenon is known as multiple scattering, and this book is the first devoted to the subject. The author covers a variety of techniques, describing first the single-obstacle methods and then extending them to the multiple-obstacle case. A key ingredient in many of these extensions is an appropriate addition a coherent, thorough exposition of these theorems is given, and computational and numerical issues around them are explored. The application of these methods to different types of problems is also explained; in particular, sound waves, electromagnetic radiation, waves in solids and water waves. A comprehensive bibliography of some 1400 items rounds off the book, which will be an essential reference on the topic for applied mathematicians, physicists and engineers.

#110

Spline Functions on Triangulations

2007

Spline functions are universally recognized as highly effective tools in approximation theory, computer-aided geometric design, image analysis, and numerical analysis. The theory of univariate splines is well known but this text is the first comprehensive treatment of the analogous bivariate theory. A detailed mathematical treatment of polynomial splines on triangulations is outlined, providing a basis for developing practical methods for using splines in numerous application areas. The detailed treatment of the Bernstein-B�zier representation of polynomials will provide a valuable source for researchers and students in CAGD. Chapters on smooth macro-element spaces will allow engineers and scientists using the FEM method to solve partial differential equations numerically with new tools. Workers in the geosciences will find new tools for approximation and data fitting on the sphere. Ideal as a graduate text in approximation theory, and as a source book for courses in computer-aided geometric design or in finite-element methods.

#111

Symmetric Generation of Groups

With Applications to many of the Sporadic Finite Simple Groups

2007

Some of the most beautiful mathematical objects found in the last forty years are the sporadic simple groups. However, gaining familiarity with these groups presents problems for two reasons. First, they were discovered in many different ways, so to understand their constructions in depth one needs to study lots of different techniques. Second, since each of them is in a sense recording some exceptional symmetry in spaces of certain dimensions, they are by their nature highly complicated objects with a rich underlying combinatorial structure. Motivated by initial results which showed that the Mathieu groups can be generated by highly symmetrical sets of elements, which themselves have a natural geometric definition, the author develops from scratch the notion of symmetric generation. He exploits this technique by using it to define and construct many of the sporadic simple groups including all the Janko groups and the Higman-Sims group. This volume is suitable for researchers and postgraduates.

#112

The Classical Fields

2007

The classical fields are the real, rational, complex and p-adic numbers. Each of these fields comprises several intimately interwoven algebraical and topological structures. This comprehensive volume analyzes the interaction and interdependencies of these different aspects. The real and rational numbers are examined additionally with respect to their orderings, and these fields are compared to their non-standard counterparts. Typical substructures and quotients, relevant automorphism groups and many counterexamples are described. Also discussed are completion procedures of chains and of ordered and topological groups, with applications to classical fields. The p-adic numbers are placed in the context of general topological fields: absolute values, valuations and the corresponding topologies are studied, and the classification of all locally compact fields and skew fields is presented. Exercises are provided with hints and solutions at the end of the book. An appendix reviews ordinals and cardinals, duality theory of locally compact Abelian groups and various constructions of fields.

#114

Combinatorial Games

Tic-Tac-Toe Theory

2008

Traditional game theory has been successful at developing strategy in games of incomplete when one player knows something that the other does not. But it has little to say about games of complete information, for example, tic-tac-toe, solitaire and hex. The main challenge of combinatorial game theory is to handle combinatorial chaos, where brute force study is impractical. In this comprehensive volume, József Beck shows readers how to escape from the combinatorial chaos via the fake probabilistic method, a game-theoretic adaptation of the probabilistic method in combinatorics. Using this, the author is able to determine the exact results about infinite classes of many games, leading to the discovery of some striking new duality principles. Available for the first time in paperback, it includes a new appendix to address the results that have appeared since the book's original publication.

#115

Nonuniform Hyperbolicity

Dynamics of Systems with Nonzero Lyapunov Exponents

2007

This book presents the theory of dynamical systems with nonzero Lyapunov exponents, offering a rigorous mathematical foundation for deterministic chaos - the appearance of "chaotic" motions in pure deterministic dynamical systems. These ideas and methods are used in many areas of mathematics as well as in physics, biology, and engineering. Despite the substantial amount of research on the subject, there have been relatively few attempts to summarize and unify results in a single manuscript. This comprehensive book can be used as a reference or as a supplement to an advanced course on dynamical systems.

#117

Exact and Approximate Controllability for Distributed Parameter Systems

A Numerical Approach

2008

The behaviour of systems occurring in real life is often modelled by partial differential equations. This book investigates how a user or observer can influence the behaviour of such systems mathematically and computationally. A thorough mathematical analysis of controllability problems is combined with a detailed investigation of methods used to solve them numerically, these methods being validated by the results of numerical experiments. In Part I of the book the authors discuss the mathematics and numerics relating to the controllability of systems modelled by linear and non-linear diffusion equations; Part II is dedicated to the controllability of vibrating systems, typical ones being those modelled by linear wave equations; finally, Part III covers flow control for systems governed by the Navier-Stokes equations modelling incompressible viscous flow. The book is accessible to graduate students in applied and computational mathematics, engineering and physics; it will also be of use to more advanced practitioners.

#119

Geometry of Chemical Graphs

Polycycles and Two-faced Maps

2008

Polycycles and symmetric polyhedra appear as generalizations of graphs in the modeling of molecular structures, such as the Nobel prize winning fullerenes, occurring in chemistry and crystallography. The chemistry has inspired and informed many interesting questions in mathematics and computer science, which in turn have suggested directions for synthesis of molecules. Here the authors give access to new results in the theory of polycycles and two-faced maps together with the relevant background material and mathematical tools for their study. Organized so that, after reading the introductory chapter, each chapter can be read independently from the others, the book should be accessible to researchers and students in graph theory, discrete geometry, and combinatorics, as well as to those in more applied areas such as mathematical chemistry and crystallography. Many of the results in the subject require the use of computer enumeration; the corresponding programs are available from the author's website.

#122

Orthogonal Polynomials and Continued Fractions

From Euler's Point of View

2008

This new and exciting historical book tells how Euler introduced the idea of orthogonal polynomials and how he combined them with continued fractions, as well as how Brouncker's formula of 1655 can be derived from Euler's efforts in Special Functions and Orthogonal Polynomials. The most interesting applications of this work are discussed, including the great Markoff's Theorem on the Lagrange spectrum, Abel's Theorem on integration in finite terms, Chebyshev's Theory of Orthogonal Polynomials, and very recent advances in Orthogonal Polynomials on the unit circle. As continued fractions become more important again, in part due to their use in finding algorithms in approximation theory, this timely book revives the approach of Wallis, Brouncker and Euler and illustrates the continuing significance of their influence. A translation of Euler’s famous paper ‘Continued Fractions, Observation’ is included as an Addendum.

#123

Algorithmic Aspects of Graph Connectivity

2008

Algorithmic Aspects of Graph Connectivity is the first comprehensive book on this central notion in graph and network theory, emphasizing its algorithmic aspects. Because of its wide applications in the fields of communication, transportation, and production, graph connectivity has made tremendous algorithmic progress under the influence of the theory of complexity and algorithms in modern computer science. The book contains various definitions of connectivity, including edge-connectivity and vertex-connectivity, and their ramifications, as well as related topics such as flows and cuts. The authors comprehensively discuss new concepts and algorithms that allow for quicker and more efficient computing, such as maximum adjacency ordering of vertices. Covering both basic definitions and advanced topics, this book can be used as a textbook in graduate courses in mathematical sciences, such as discrete mathematics, combinatorics, and operations research, and as a reference book for specialists in discrete mathematics and its applications.

#127

Aggregation Functions

2009

Aggregation is the process of combining several numerical values into a single representative value, and an aggregation function performs this operation. These functions arise wherever aggregating information is applied and pure mathematics (probability, statistics, decision theory, functional equations), operations research, computer science, and many applied fields (economics and finance, pattern recognition and image processing, data fusion, etc.). This is a comprehensive, rigorous and self-contained exposition of aggregation functions. Classes of aggregation functions covered include triangular norms and conorms, copulas, means and averages, and those based on nonadditive integrals. The properties of each method, as well as their interpretation and analysis, are studied in depth, together with construction methods and practical identification methods. Special attention is given to the nature of scales on which values to be aggregated are defined (ordinal, interval, ratio, bipolar). It is an ideal introduction for graduate students and a unique resource for researchers.

#128

Topics in Topological Graph Theory

2009

The use of topological ideas to explore various aspects of graph theory, and vice versa, is a fruitful area of research. There are links with other areas of mathematics, such as design theory and geometry, and increasingly with such areas as computer networks where symmetry is an important feature. Other books cover portions of the material here, but there are no other books with such a wide scope. This book contains fifteen expository chapters written by acknowledged international experts in the field. Their well-written contributions have been carefully edited to enhance readability and to standardize the chapter structure, terminology and notation throughout the book. To help the reader, there is an extensive introductory chapter that covers the basic background material in graph theory and the topology of surfaces. Each chapter concludes with an extensive list of references.

#130

Modules Over Endomorphism Rings

2009

This is an extensive synthesis of recent work in the study of endomorphism rings and their modules, bringing together direct sum decompositions of modules, the class number of an algebraic number field, point set topological spaces, and classical noncommutative localization. The main idea behind the book is to study modules G over a ring R via their endomorphism ring EndR(G). The author discusses a wealth of results that classify G and EndR(G) via numerous properties, and in particular results from point set topology are used to provide a complete characterization of the direct sum decomposition properties of G. For graduate students this is a useful introduction, while the more experienced mathematician will discover that the book contains results that are not otherwise available. Each chapter contains a list of exercises and problems for future research, which provide a springboard for students entering modern professional mathematics.

#133

Finite Precision Number Systems and Arithmetic

2010

Fundamental arithmetic operations support virtually all of the engineering, scientific, and financial computations required for practical applications, from cryptography, to financial planning, to rocket science. This comprehensive reference provides researchers with the thorough understanding of number representations that is a necessary foundation for designing efficient arithmetic algorithms. Using the elementary foundations of radix number systems as a basis for arithmetic, the authors develop and compare alternative algorithms for the fundamental operations of addition, multiplication, division, and square root with precisely defined roundings. Various finite precision number systems are investigated, with the focus on comparative analysis of practically efficient algorithms for closed arithmetic operations over these systems. Each chapter begins with an introduction to its contents and ends with bibliographic notes and an extensive bibliography. The book may also be used for graduate problems and exercises are scattered throughout the text and a solutions manual is available for instructors.

#134

Boolean Models and Methods in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Engineering

2010

This collection of papers presents a series of in-depth examinations of a variety of advanced topics related to Boolean functions and expressions. The chapters are written by some of the most prominent experts in their respective fields and cover topics ranging from algebra and propositional logic to learning theory, cryptography, computational complexity, electrical engineering, and reliability theory. Beyond the diversity of the questions raised and investigated in different chapters, a remarkable feature of the collection is the common thread created by the fundamental language, concepts, models, and tools provided by Boolean theory. Many readers will be surprised to discover the countless links between seemingly remote topics discussed in various chapters of the book. This text will help them draw on such connections to further their understanding of their own scientific discipline and to explore new avenues for research.

#135

Combinatorics, Automata and Number Theory

2010

This collaborative volume presents recent trends arising from the fruitful interaction between the themes of combinatorics on words, automata and formal language theory, and number theory. Presenting several important tools and concepts, the authors also reveal some of the exciting and important relationships that exist between these different fields. Topics include numeration systems, word complexity function, morphic words, Rauzy tilings and substitutive dynamical systems, Bratelli diagrams, frequencies and ergodicity, Diophantine approximation and transcendence, asymptotic properties of digital functions, decidability issues for D0L systems, matrix products and joint spectral radius. Topics are presented in a way that links them to the three main themes, but also extends them to dynamical systems and ergodic theory, fractals, tilings and spectral properties of matrices. Graduate students, research mathematicians and computer scientists working in combinatorics, theory of computation, number theory, symbolic dynamics, fractals, tilings and stringology will find much of interest in this book.

#138

Graph Structure and Monadic Second-Order Logic

A Language-Theoretic Approach

2012

The study of graph structure has advanced in recent years with great strides: finite graphs can be described algebraically, enabling them to be constructed out of more basic elements. Separately the properties of graphs can be studied in a logical language called monadic second-order logic. In this book, these two features of graph structure are brought together for the first time in a presentation that unifies and synthesizes research over the last 25 years. The author not only provides a thorough description of the theory, but also details its applications, on the one hand to the construction of graph algorithms, and, on the other to the extension of formal language theory to finite graphs. Consequently the book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in graph theory, finite model theory, formal language theory, and complexity theory.

#139

Matrices and Graphs in Geometry

2011

Simplex geometry is a topic generalizing geometry of the triangle and tetrahedron. The appropriate tool for its study is matrix theory, but applications usually involve solving huge systems of linear equations or eigenvalue problems, and geometry can help in visualizing the behaviour of the problem. In many cases, solving such systems may depend more on the distribution of non-zero coefficients than on their values, so graph theory is also useful. The author has discovered a method that in many (symmetric) cases helps to split huge systems into smaller parts. Many readers will welcome this book, from undergraduates to specialists in mathematics, as well as non-specialists who only use mathematics occasionally, and anyone who enjoys geometric theorems. It acquaints the reader with basic matrix theory, graph theory and elementary Euclidean geometry so that they too can appreciate the underlying connections between these various areas of mathematics and computer science.

#141

Hadamard Expansions and Hyperasymptotic Evaluation

An Extension of the Method of Steepest Descents

2011

The author describes the recently developed theory of Hadamard expansions applied to the high-precision (hyperasymptotic) evaluation of Laplace and Laplace-type integrals. This brand new method builds on the well-known asymptotic method of steepest descents, of which the opening chapter gives a detailed account illustrated by a series of examples of increasing complexity. A discussion of uniformity problems associated with various coalescence phenomena, the Stokes phenomenon and hyperasymptotics of Laplace-type integrals follows. The remaining chapters deal with the Hadamard expansion of Laplace integrals, with and without saddle points. Problems of different types of saddle coalescence are also discussed. The text is illustrated with many numerical examples, which help the reader to understand the level of accuracy achievable. The author also considers applications to some important special functions. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers working in asymptotics.

#142

Boolean Functions

Theory, Algorithms, and Applications

2011

Written by prominent experts in the field, this monograph provides the first comprehensive and unified presentation of the structural, algorithmic, and applied aspects of the theory of Boolean functions. The book focuses on algebraic representations of Boolean functions, especially disjunctive and conjunctive normal form representations. It presents in this framework the fundamental elements of the theory (Boolean equations and satisfiability problems, prime implicants and associated short representations, dualization), an in-depth study of special classes of Boolean functions (quadratic, Horn, shellable, regular, threshold, read-once functions and their characterization by functional equations), and two fruitful generalizations of the concept of Boolean functions (partially defined functions and pseudo-Boolean functions). Several topics are presented here in book form for the first time. Because of the unique depth and breadth of the unified treatment that it provides and of its emphasis on algorithms and applications, this monograph will have special appeal for researchers and graduate students in discrete mathematics, operations research, computer science, engineering, and economics.

#143

Ergodic Control of Diffusion Processes

2011

This comprehensive volume on ergodic control for diffusions highlights intuition alongside technical arguments. A concise account of Markov process theory is followed by a complete development of the fundamental issues and formalisms in control of diffusions. This then leads to a comprehensive treatment of ergodic control, a problem that straddles stochastic control and the ergodic theory of Markov processes. The interplay between the probabilistic and ergodic-theoretic aspects of the problem, notably the asymptotics of empirical measures on one hand, and the analytic aspects leading to a characterization of optimality via the associated Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation on the other, is clearly revealed. The more abstract controlled martingale problem is also presented, in addition to many other related issues and models. Assuming only graduate-level probability and analysis, the authors develop the theory in a manner that makes it accessible to users in applied mathematics, engineering, finance and operations research.

#144

Finite Ordered Sets

Concepts, Results and Uses

2007

Ordered sets are ubiquitous in mathematics and have significant applications in computer science, statistics, biology and the social sciences. As the first book to deal exclusively with finite ordered sets, this book will be welcomed by graduate students and researchers in all of these areas. Beginning with definitions of key concepts and fundamental results (Dilworth's and Sperner's theorem, interval and semiorders, Galois connection, duality with distributive lattices, coding and dimension theory), the authors then present applications of these structures in fields such as preference modelling and aggregation, operational research and management, cluster and concept analysis, and data mining. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter with helpful hints provided for some of the most difficult examples. The authors also point to further topics of ongoing research.

#146

Ellipsoidal Harmonics

Theory and Applications

2012

The sphere is what might be called a perfect shape. Unfortunately nature is imperfect and many bodies are better represented by an ellipsoid. The theory of ellipsoidal harmonics, originated in the nineteenth century, could only be seriously applied with the kind of computational power available in recent years. This, therefore, is the first book devoted to ellipsoidal harmonics. Topics are drawn from geometry, physics, biosciences and inverse problems. It contains classical results as well as new material, including ellipsoidal bi-harmonic functions, the theory of images in ellipsoidal geometry and vector surface ellipsoidal harmonics, which exhibit an interesting analytical structure. Extended appendices provide everything one needs to solve formally boundary value problems. End-of-chapter problems complement the theory and test the reader's understanding. The book serves as a comprehensive reference for applied mathematicians, physicists, engineers and for anyone who needs to know the current state of the art in this fascinating subject.

#148

Handbook of Neural Activity Measurement

2012

In recent years the traditional subject of continuum mechanics has grown rapidly and many new techniques have emerged. This text provides a rigorous, yet accessible introduction to the basic concepts of the network approximation method and provides a unified approach for solving a wide variety of applied problems. As a unifying theme, the authors discuss in detail the transport problem in a system of bodies. They solve the problem of closely placed bodies using the new method of network approximation for PDE with discontinuous coefficients, developed in the 2000s by applied mathematicians in the USA and Russia. Intended for graduate students in applied mathematics and related fields such as physics, chemistry and engineering, the book is also a useful overview of the topic for researchers in these areas.

#150

Lattice Sums Then and Now

2013

The study of lattice sums began when early investigators wanted to go from mechanical properties of crystals to the properties of the atoms and ions from which they were built (the literature of Madelung's constant). A parallel literature was built around the optical properties of regular lattices of atoms (initiated by Lord Rayleigh, Lorentz and Lorenz). For over a century many famous scientists and mathematicians have delved into the properties of lattices, sometimes unwittingly duplicating the work of their predecessors. Here, at last, is a comprehensive overview of the substantial body of knowledge that exists on lattice sums and their applications. The authors also provide commentaries on open questions, and explain modern techniques which simplify the task of finding new results in this fascinating and ongoing field. Lattice sums in one, two, three, four and higher dimensions are covered.

#152

Stochastic Equations in Infinite Dimensions

1992

Now in its second edition, this book gives a systematic and self-contained presentation of basic results on stochastic evolution equations in infinite dimensional, typically Hilbert and Banach, spaces. In the first part the authors give a self-contained exposition of the basic properties of probability measure on separable Banach and Hilbert spaces, as required later; they assume a reasonable background in probability theory and finite dimensional stochastic processes. The second part is devoted to the existence and uniqueness of solutions of a general stochastic evolution equation, and the third concerns the qualitative properties of those solutions. Appendices gather together background results from analysis that are otherwise hard to find under one roof. This revised edition includes two brand new chapters surveying recent developments in the area and an even more comprehensive bibliography, making this book an essential and up-to-date resource for all those working in stochastic differential equations.

#153

Monoidal Topology

A Categorical Approach to Order, Metric, and Topology

2014

Monoidal Topology describes an active research area that, after various past proposals on how to axiomatize 'spaces' in terms of convergence, began to emerge at the beginning of the millennium. It combines Barr's relational presentation of topological spaces in terms of ultrafilter convergence with Lawvere's interpretation of metric spaces as small categories enriched over the extended real half-line. Hence, equipped with a quantale V (replacing the reals) and a monad T (replacing the ultrafilter monad) laxly extended from set maps to V-valued relations, the book develops a categorical theory of (T,V)-algebras that is inspired simultaneously by its metric and topological roots. The book highlights in particular the distinguished role of equationally defined structures within the given lax-algebraic context and presents numerous new results ranging from topology and approach theory to domain theory. All the necessary pre-requisites in order and category theory are presented in the book.

#156

Topics in Chromatic Graph Theory

2015

Chromatic graph theory is a thriving area that uses various ideas of ‘colouring’ (of vertices, edges, and so on) to explore aspects of graph theory. It has links with other areas of mathematics, including topology, algebra and geometry, and is increasingly used in such areas as computer networks, where colouring algorithms form an important feature. While other books cover portions of the material, no other title has such a wide scope as this one, in which acknowledged international experts in the field provide a broad survey of the subject. All fifteen chapters have been carefully edited, with uniform notation and terminology applied throughout. Bjarne Toft (Odense, Denmark), widely recognized for his substantial contributions to the area, acted as academic consultant. The book serves as a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students in graph theory and combinatorics and as a useful introduction to the topic for mathematicians in related fields.

#159

Combinatorics, Words and Symbolic Dynamics

2015

Internationally recognised researchers look at developing trends in combinatorics with applications in the study of words and in symbolic dynamics. They explain the important concepts, providing a clear exposition of some recent results, and emphasise the emerging connections between these different fields. Topics include combinatorics on words, pattern avoidance, graph theory, tilings and theory of computation, multidimensional subshifts, discrete dynamical systems, ergodic theory, numeration systems, dynamical arithmetics, automata theory and synchronised words, analytic combinatorics, continued fractions and probabilistic models. Each topic is presented in a way that links it to the main themes, but then they are also extended to repetitions in words, similarity relations, cellular automata, friezes and Dynkin diagrams. The book will appeal to graduate students, research mathematicians and computer scientists working in combinatorics, theory of computation, number theory, symbolic dynamics, tilings and stringology. It will also interest biologists using text algorithms.

#161

Isolated Singularities in Partial Differential Inequalities

2016

In this monograph, the authors present some powerful methods for dealing with singularities in elliptic and parabolic partial differential inequalities. Here, the authors take the unique approach of investigating differential inequalities rather than equations, the reason being that the simplest way to study an equation is often to study a corresponding inequality; for example, using sub and superharmonic functions to study harmonic functions. Another unusual feature of the present book is that it is based on integral representation formulae and nonlinear potentials, which have not been widely investigated so far. This approach can also be used to tackle higher order differential equations. The book will appeal to graduate students interested in analysis, researchers in pure and applied mathematics, and engineers who work with partial differential equations. Readers will require only a basic knowledge of functional analysis, measure theory and Sobolev spaces.

#162

Variational Methods for Nonlocal Fractional Problems

2016

This book provides researchers and graduate students with a thorough introduction to the variational analysis of nonlinear problems described by nonlocal operators. The authors give a systematic treatment of the basic mathematical theory and constructive methods for these classes of nonlinear equations, plus their application to various processes arising in the applied sciences. The equations are examined from several viewpoints, with the calculus of variations as the unifying theme. Part I begins the book with some basic facts about fractional Sobolev spaces. Part II is dedicated to the analysis of fractional elliptic problems involving subcritical nonlinearities, via classical variational methods and other novel approaches. Finally, Part III contains a selection of recent results on critical fractional equations. A careful balance is struck between rigorous mathematics and physical applications, allowing readers to see how these diverse topics relate to other important areas, including topology, functional analysis, mathematical physics, and potential theory.

#173

Bimonoids for Hyperplane Arrangements

2020

The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in a new setting which features centrally a real hyperplane arrangement. The new theory is parallel to the classical theory of connected Hopf algebras, and relates to it when specialized to the braid arrangement. Joyal's theory of combinatorial species, ideas from Tits' theory of buildings, and Rota's work on incidence algebras inspire and find a common expression in this theory. The authors introduce notions of monoid, comonoid, bimonoid, and Lie monoid relative to a fixed hyperplane arrangement. They also construct universal bimonoids by using generalizations of the classical notions of shuffle and quasishuffle, and establish the Borel–Hopf, Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt, and Cartier–Milnor–Moore theorems in this setting. This monograph opens a vast new area of research. It will be of interest to students and researchers working in the areas of hyperplane arrangements, semigroup theory, Hopf algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory.

Authors

Pierre-Henri Leroux est un éditeur, philosophe et homme politique français, théoricien du socialisme. Pierre-Henri Leroux was a French publisher, philosopher and politician, theorist of socialism.

Arto Salomaa

Author · 1 books

Arto Kustaa Salomaa was a Finnish mathematician and computer scientist. His research career, which spanned over 40 years, was focused on formal languages and automata theory.

Burkard Polster is a maths lecturer, and Monash University's resident Mathemagician, mathematical juggler, origami expert, bubble-master, shoelace charmer, and Count von Count impersonator. When he is not doing fun mathematics he has fun investigating perfect mathematical universes. from http://www.mav.vic.edu.au/public-lect...

Vicentiu D. Radulescu

Anatole Katok was the Director of the Center for Dynamical Systems and Geometry, Penn State University.

Also known as: А.А. Иванов (Cyrillic alphabet).

Mizan Rahman (in Bengali: মীজান রহমান) was a Bangladeshi-Canadian mathematician and writer. He specialized in fields of mathematics such as hypergeometric series and orthogonal polynomials. He also had interests encompassing literature, philosophy, scientific skepticism, freethinking, and rationalism. He co-authored Basic Hypergeometric Series with George Gasper. This book is widely considered as the standard work of choice for that subject of study. He also published several Bengali books. Apart from his teaching and academic activities, Rahman wrote on various issues, particularly on those related to Bangladesh. He contributed to Internet blogs and various internet e-magazines, mainly in the Bengali language, covering his interests. He was a prolific writer and a regular contributor to Porshi, a Bengali monthly publication based in Silicon Valley, California. He was also the member of the advisory board of the Mukto-Mona, an Internet congregation of freethinkers, rationalists, skeptics, atheists and humanists of mainly Bengali and South Asian descent.

George Allen Baker, 1932-

Neil White (b. 1965) is a British freelance criminal lawyer and a full-time crime writer. Librarian's note: There is more than one author in the Goodreads database with this name.