Charlotte Brontë was an English novelist, the eldest out of the three famous Brontë sisters whose novels have become standards of English literature. See also Emily Brontë and Anne Brontë. Charlotte Brontë was born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England, the third of six children, to Patrick Brontë (formerly "Patrick Brunty"), an Irish Anglican clergyman, and his wife, Maria Branwell. In April 1820 the family moved a few miles to Haworth, a remote town on the Yorkshire moors, where Patrick had been appointed Perpetual Curate. This is where the Brontë children would spend most of their lives. Maria Branwell Brontë died from what was thought to be cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters and a son to the care of her spinster sister Elizabeth Branwell, who moved to Yorkshire to help the family. In August 1824 Charlotte, along with her sisters Emily, Maria, and Elizabeth, was sent to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire, a new school for the daughters of poor clergyman (which she would describe as Lowood School in Jane Eyre). The school was a horrific experience for the girls and conditions were appalling. They were regularly deprived of food, beaten by teachers and humiliated for the slightest error. The school was unheated and the pupils slept two to a bed for warmth. Seven pupils died in a typhus epidemic that swept the school and all four of the Brontë girls became very ill - Maria and Elizabeth dying of tuberculosis in 1825. Her experiences at the school deeply affected Brontë - her health never recovered and she immortalised the cruel and brutal treatment in her novel, Jane Eyre. Following the tragedy, their father withdrew his daughters from the school. At home in Haworth Parsonage, Charlotte and the other surviving children—Branwell, Emily, and Anne—continued their ad-hoc education. In 1826 her father returned home with a box of toy soldiers for Branwell. They would prove the catalyst for the sisters' extraordinary creative development as they immediately set to creating lives and characters for the soldiers, inventing a world for them which the siblings called 'Angria'. The siblings became addicted to writing, creating stories, poetry and plays. Brontë later said that the reason for this burst of creativity was that: 'We were wholly dependent on ourselves and each other, on books and study, for the enjoyments and occupations of life. The highest stimulus, as well as the liveliest pleasure we had known from childhood upwards, lay in attempts at literary composition.' After her father began to suffer from a lung disorder, Charlotte was again sent to school to complete her education at Roe Head school in Mirfield from 1831 to 1832, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents, Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor. During this period (1833), she wrote her novella The Green Dwarf under the name of Wellesley. The school was extremely small with only ten pupils meaning the top floor was completely unused and believed to be supposedly haunted by the ghost of a young lady dressed in silk. This story fascinated Brontë and inspired the figure of Mrs Rochester in Jane Eyre. Brontë left the school after a few years, however she swiftly returned in 1835 to take up a position as a teacher, and used her wages to pay for Emily and Anne to be taught at the school. Teaching did not appeal to Brontë and in 1838 she left Roe Head to become a governess to the Sidgewick family—partly from a sense of adventure and a desire to see the world, and partly from financial necessity. Charlotte became pregnant soon after her wedding, but her health declined rapidly and, according to biographer Elizabeth Gaskell, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness." She died, with her unborn child, on 31 March 1855.

The novels Lélia (1833) and Consuelo (1842) among works, plays, and essays of French writer George Sand, pen name of Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin, baroness Dudevant, concern the freedom and independence of women. People recognize this best known, most popular memoirist and journalist, more renowned in Europe in her lifetime than Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac in England in the 1830s and 1840s, People recognize Sand of the most notable writers of the Romantic era of Europe. People celebrated this controversial life, which oftentimes overshadowed her creative production. Known for its blend of romance and realism, her effortless spontaneity proliferated without sacrificing style and form. Sand stated the primary happiness in life in love and so focused on relationships in most of her novels as she tackled the complexities of politics, society, and gender. People best know Sand for bold statements about the rights in 19th-century society, her exploration of contemporary social and philosophical issues, and her depiction of the lives and language of provincials. Set of influences of each period of her literary career focused on specific themes. Her rustic perhaps truly represented her form as an author. Her first period reflected her rebellion against the bonds of marriage and deal largely with the relationships between men and women. English poet Lord Byron and French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau clearly influenced Sand with romantic novels, full of passionate personal revolt and ardent feminism, attitudes that went against societal conventions and outraged her early British and American critics. These extremely successful early Indiana , Lelia, and Jacques (1834) established Sand as an important literary voice for her generation. Pastorals, which depict rural scenes and peasant characters, form the last phase of her career. Her love of the French countryside and her sympathy with the peasants inspired La Mare au Diable (1846) and Francis the Waif (1847–1848), set in Berry. Gentle idealism distinguished these realistic pastorals in background detail; many critics finest considered them her finest. After her pastoral period, she continued until her death, but people remember few today. Unconventional life of George Sand in numerous ways: she fondly dressed in clothing of men to gain access to those parts of Paris, not decorous for ladies to go. She smoked in public to scandalize Parisian society. Lust affairs of Sand included high-profile relationships with the composer Frédéric François Chopin, the novelist Prosper Mérimée, and the poet and playwright Louis Charles Alfred de Musset.

Emily Jane Brontë was an English novelist and poet, now best remembered for her only novel Wuthering Heights, a classic of English literature. Emily was the second eldest of the three surviving Brontë sisters, being younger than Charlotte Brontë and older than Anne Brontë. She published under the masculine pen name Ellis Bell. Emily was born in Thornton, near Bradford in Yorkshire to Patrick Brontë and Maria Branwell. She was the younger sister of Charlotte Brontë and the fifth of six children. In 1824, the family moved to Haworth, where Emily's father was perpetual curate, and it was in these surroundings that their literary oddities flourished. In childhood, after the death of their mother, the three sisters and their brother Patrick Branwell Brontë created imaginary lands (Angria, Gondal, Gaaldine, Oceania), which were featured in stories they wrote. Little of Emily's work from this period survived, except for poems spoken by characters (The Brontës' Web of Childhood, Fannie Ratchford, 1941). In 1842, Emily commenced work as a governess at Miss Patchett's Ladies Academy at Law Hill School, near Halifax, leaving after about six months due to homesickness. Later, with her sister Charlotte, she attended a private school in Brussels. They later tried to open up a school at their home, but had no pupils. It was the discovery of Emily's poetic talent by Charlotte that led her and her sisters, Charlotte and Anne, to publish a joint collection of their poetry in 1846, Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. To evade contemporary prejudice against female writers, the Brontë sisters adopted androgynous first names. All three retained the first letter of their first names: Charlotte became Currer Bell, Anne became Acton Bell, and Emily became Ellis Bell. In 1847, she published her only novel, Wuthering Heights, as two volumes of a three volume set (the last volume being Agnes Grey by her sister Anne). Its innovative structure somewhat puzzled critics. Although it received mixed reviews when it first came out, the book subsequently became an English literary classic. In 1850, Charlotte edited and published Wuthering Heights as a stand-alone novel and under Emily's real name. Like her sisters, Emily's health had been weakened by the harsh local climate at home and at school. She caught a chill during the funeral of her brother in September, and, having refused all medical help, died on December 19, 1848 of tuberculosis, possibly caught from nursing her brother. She was interred in the Church of St. Michael and All Angels family capsule, Haworth, West Yorkshire, England.

Wanda von Sacher-Masoch (née Angelika Aurora Rümelin) was an Austrian writer and translator, wife of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. She was best remembered for her novel translated by Georges Ohnet from French into German titled Das Recht des Kindes (1894), and the posthumous publication The Confessions of Wanda von Sacher-Masoch (1990). She often wrote under the pseudonyms Wanda von Dunajew and D. Dolorès.

Anna Emilia (Annie) Vivanti (Norwood, 7 aprile 1866 – Torino, 20 febbraio 1942) è stata una poetessa italiana. Visse ed operò all'interno di varie culture e fu scrittrice eccentrica, personaggio dagli interessi multiformi, protagonista della vita intellettuale e mondana di molti paesi. Figlia di Anselmo Vivanti, patriota mantovano di antico ceppo ebraico, e di Anna Lindau (scrittrice tedesca, sorella dei celebri letterati Paul e Rudolph, d'importante casata germanica), Annie Vivanti nacque il 7 aprile 1866 a Londra, dove il padre, seguace degli ideali mazziniani, aveva trovato rifugio politico in seguito ai moti di Mantova del 1851. Cresciuta fra l'Italia, l'Inghilterra, la Svizzera e gli Stati Uniti, dopo aver vissuto esperienze stravaganti come artista di teatro la Vivanti esordì nel mondo letterario con la raccolta poetica Lirica (Milano, Treves 1890), pubblicata in Italia con la prefazione di Giosuè Carducci, che le dette subito un vasto successo di pubblico e legò il suo nome a quello del grande poeta italiano per il quale Annie nutrì un intenso sentimento che durò fino alla morte di lui. Nel 1891 pubblicò il primo romanzo, Marion artista di caffè concerto (Milano, Galli) ma dopo il matrimonio con l'irlandese John Chartres - celebrato in Inghilterra nel 1892 - la Vivanti trascorse quasi venti anni fra l'Inghilterra e gli U.S.A., scrivendo soltanto in inglese racconti (Perfect, 1896; En Passant, 1897; Houp-là, 1897; A fad, 1899), romanzi (The Hunt for Happiness, 1896; Winning him back, 1904) e opere teatrali (That man, 1898; The ruby ring, 1900). In Italia sembrò aver lasciato la letteratura, con l'unica eccezione del dramma La rosa azzurra, rappresentato in teatro fra il 1898 e il 1899, l'unico clamoroso insuccesso della sua fortunata carriera, mai pubblicato. Un nuovo capitolo della sua vita si aprì dopo il 1900, anche a seguito di un difficile periodo vissuto a cavallo fra i due secoli, quando la figlia Vivien - nata nel 1893 - cominciò ad affermarsi come enfant prodige del violino ed in breve divenne una acclamata celebrità internazionale. Dall'esperienza del successo di Vivien, Annie trasse motivo per un suo rilancio in letteratura, prima col racconto The true story of a Wunderkind (1905) e poi con l'opera sua più celebre, The devourers, scritta e pubblicata in Inghilterra nel 1910 e poi riscritta in italiano col titolo I divoratori (1911) con cui, dopo vent'anni, tornò a dominare il mercato editoriale italiano. Da questo momento in poi, fino alla fine degli anni trenta, Annie Vivanti conobbe un successo ininterrotto con romanzi come Circe (1912), Vae Victis (1917), Naja tripudians (1920), Mea culpa (1927); raccolte di novelle (Zingaresca, 1918; Gioia, 1921; Perdonate Eglantina, 1926); drammi (L'Invasore, 1915; Le bocche inutili, 1918); opere per l'infanzia (Sua altezza, 1924; Il viaggio incantato, 1933); réportages di viaggio (Terra di Cleopatra, 1925). Le sue opere furono accompagnate sempre da un notevole successo internazionale di pubblico e di critica, furono tradotte in tutte le lingue europee e recensite da grandi nomi della cultura quali Benedetto Croce (che le dedicò due saggi critici nel I e nel VI volume della Letteratura della nuova Italia) e Giuseppe Antonio Borgese in Italia, George Brandes, Jaroslav Vrchlický, Rado Antal e Paul Heyse in Europa. Durante la Prima guerra mondiale, la Vivanti si impegnò a difendere la causa italiana sulle colonne dei principali giornali inglesi e nell'immediato dopoguerra abbracciò la causa delle nazionalità oppresse principalmente in chiave antibritannica, avvicinandosi sempre di più a Mussolini e al nascente fascismo. Contemporaneamente sostenne col marito - attivista sinnfeiner - la causa dell'indipendenza irlandese, impegnandosi su varie testate giornalistiche europee e facendo da assistente alla delegazione irlandese a Versailles nel 1919, dove strinse un rapporto d'amicizia personale anche con Zagloul Pascià d'Egitto. Stabilitasi da anni definitivamente

Madame d'Aulnoy (Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barneville, Baroness d'Aulnoy) (1650/1651–4 January 1705) was a French writer known for her fairy tales. When she termed her works contes de fées (fairy tales, or literally, "Tales of the Fairies."), she originated the term that is now generally used for the genre. Her 'fairy tales' were written in a style suitable for entertaining in adult salon gatherings, and not with a child audience in mind. d'Aulnoy also wrote works of history (although not using modern attitudes to historical accuracy), pseudo-memoirs, and a few historical novels. Born a member of the noble Le Jumel de Barneville family, she was known as the baronne d'Aulnoy by marriage.

Carolina Maria Margarita Invernizio (28 March 1851 - 27 November 1916), better known just as Carolina Invenizio, was an Italian novelist. She had a large popular success between late 1800s until her death. Invernizio wrote about 150 novels and 20 collections of novelle, as well as four books of fiction for children. Influenced by feuilleton literature, she had an enormous popular following with her novels characterized by sensationalist, melodramatic and often gothic themes. Along with Mura she was the most popular female writer of her genre. She was often badly received by critics, and Antonio Gramsci referred to her as "the honest hen of Italian literature" as "the Voghera's housewife" expression which gave the name to a popular stereotype.