This volume in the 'Grand Strategy' series of the United Kingdom Military Histories of the Second World war takes up the tale in the summer of 1942. At the end of July in that year Allied fortunes appeared to be at their lowest ebb. The Caucasus, the Nile Delta, the frontiers of India and even the northern shores of Australia were threatened by apparently invincible aggressors. Yet at the same moment the Western Allies were planning the counter-stroke against French North Africa which was within a year to transform the situation. By September 1943, when this volume ends, the Nazi Empire was on the defensive on all fronts, Mussolini had fallen, his successors had surrendered, Allied forces were seizing their first footholds on the mainland of Europe, and German cities were beginning to suffer the full weight of the Allied air attack. The story of this transformation is now told for the first time from the official records of the British Government. It is a complex one. Throughout the whole period, the British and the Americans were engaged in continuing debate as to what their strategy should be, and the operations undertaken were usually compromises not fully satisfactory to either side. The spectacular triumphs in the Mediterranean from Alamein to Salerno depended on victory in the Battle of the Atlantic, and this was not finally achieved until April 1943. Naval operations required resources equally in demand for the air offensive on which so many hopes had been staked. And throughout this period the Western Allies were under continual and understandable pressure from the Soviet Union to do more to alleviate the burden she bore on the Eastern Front where the war, at this time, might have been irretrievably lost. Similar pressure from Nationalist China was to exercise a determining effect on British strategy in the Far East. This volume is essential reading for all who wish to understand many of those great issues of the Second World War which are still a matter of so much controversy. The Second Front; the Combined Bomber Offensive; the Unconditional Surrender Declaration; the Surrender of Italy; the place of the Balkans in British strategy; the importance of 'Chindit' operations in Burma: these are only a few of the problems discussed in the light of evidence hitherto unavailable.