Jean de La Fontaine was the most famous French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. According to Flaubert, he was the only French poet to understand and master the texture of the French language before Hugo. A set of postage stamps celebrating La Fontaine and the Fables was issued by France in 1995. A film of his life was released in France in April 2007 (Jean de La Fontaine - le défi starring Laurent Deutsch).

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, often known as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho, (June 21, 1839, Rio de Janeiro—September 29, 1908, Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian novelist, poet, playwright and short story writer. He is widely regarded as the most important writer of Brazilian literature. However, he did not gain widespread popularity outside Brazil in his own lifetime. Machado's works had a great influence on Brazilian literary schools of the late 19th century and 20th century. José Saramago, Carlos Fuentes, Susan Sontag and Harold Bloom are among his admirers and Bloom calls him "the supreme black literary artist to date."

Complete works (1880) : https://archive.org/details/oeuvresco... In 1694, Age of Enlightenment leader Francois-Marie Arouet, known as Voltaire, was born in Paris. Jesuit-educated, he began writing clever verses by the age of 12. He launched a lifelong, successful playwriting career in 1718, interrupted by imprisonment in the Bastille. Upon a second imprisonment, in which Francois adopted the pen name Voltaire, he was released after agreeing to move to London. There he wrote Lettres philosophiques (1733), which galvanized French reform. The book also satirized the religious teachings of Rene Descartes and Blaise Pascal, including Pascal's famed "wager" on God. Voltaire wrote: "The interest I have in believing a thing is not a proof of the existence of that thing." Voltaire's French publisher was sent to the Bastille and Voltaire had to escape from Paris again, as judges sentenced the book to be "torn and burned in the Palace." Voltaire spent a calm 16 years with his deistic mistress, Madame du Chatelet, in Lorraine. He met the 27 year old married mother when he was 39. In his memoirs, he wrote: "I found, in 1733, a young woman who thought as I did, and decided to spend several years in the country, cultivating her mind." He dedicated Traite de metaphysique to her. In it the Deist candidly rejected immortality and questioned belief in God. It was not published until the 1780s. Voltaire continued writing amusing but meaty philosophical plays and histories. After the earthquake that leveled Lisbon in 1755, in which 15,000 people perished and another 15,000 were wounded, Voltaire wrote Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne (Poem on the Lisbon Disaster): "But how conceive a God supremely good/ Who heaps his favours on the sons he loves,/ Yet scatters evil with as large a hand?" Voltaire purchased a chateau in Geneva, where, among other works, he wrote Candide (1759). To avoid Calvinist persecution, Voltaire moved across the border to Ferney, where the wealthy writer lived for 18 years until his death. Voltaire began to openly challenge Christianity, calling it "the infamous thing." He wrote Frederick the Great: "Christianity is the most ridiculous, the most absurd, and bloody religion that has ever infected the world." Voltaire ended every letter to friends with "Ecrasez l'infame" (crush the infamy—the Christian religion). His pamphlet, The Sermon on the Fifty (1762) went after transubstantiation, miracles, biblical contradictions, the Jewish religion, and the Christian God. Voltaire wrote that a true god "surely cannot have been born of a girl, nor died on the gibbet, nor be eaten in a piece of dough," or inspired "books, filled with contradictions, madness, and horror." He also published excerpts of Testament of the Abbe Meslier, by an atheist priest, in Holland, which advanced the Enlightenment. Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary was published in 1764 without his name. Although the first edition immediately sold out, Geneva officials, followed by Dutch and Parisian, had the books burned. It was published in 1769 as two large volumes. Voltaire campaigned fiercely against civil atrocities in the name of religion, writing pamphlets and commentaries about the barbaric execution of a Huguenot trader, who was first broken at the wheel, then burned at the stake, in 1762. Voltaire's campaign for justice and restitution ended with a posthumous retrial in 1765, during which 40 Parisian judges declared the defendant innocent. Voltaire urgently tried to save the life of Chevalier de la Barre, a 19 year old sentenced to death for blasphemy for failing to remove his hat during a religious procession. In 1766, Chevalier was beheaded after being tortured, then his body was burned, along with a copy of Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary. Voltaire's statue at the Pantheon was melted down during Nazi occupation. D. 1778. Voltaire (1694-1778), pseudónimo de François-

Moacyr Jaime Scliar (born March 23, 1937) is a Brazilian writer and physician. Scliar is best known outside Brazil for his 1981 novel Max and the Cats (Max e os Felinos), the story of a young man who flees Berlin after he comes to the attention of the Nazis for having had an affair with a married woman. Making his way to Brazil, his ship sinks, and he finds himself alone in a dinghy with a jaguar who had been travelling in the hold.[1] The story of the jaguar and the boy was picked up by Yann Martel for his own book Life of Pi, winner of the 2002 Man Booker Prize, in which Pi is trapped in a lifeboat with a tiger

Lygia Fagundes Telles (born April 19, 1923) is a Brazilian novelist and short-story writer. She was born in São Paulo and is one of Brazil's most important living writers. Her first book of short stories, Praia Viva (Living Beach), was published in 1944. In 1949 got the Afonso Arinos award for her short stories book O Cacto Vermelho (Red Cactus). Among her most successful books are Ciranda de Pedra (The Marble Dance) (1954), Verão no Aquário (1963), Antes do Baile Verde (1970), Seminário dos Ratos (1977) and As Horas Nuas, (1989). The book Antes do Baile Verde won the Best Foreign Women Writers Grand Prix in Cannes (France) in 1969. Her most famous novel is As Meninas (The Girl in the Photograph), which tells the story of three young women in the early 1970s, a hard time in the political history of Brazil due to the repression by the military dictatorship. In 2005 she won the Camões Prize, the greatest literary award in the Portuguese language.[1] She is one of the three female members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. From Wikipedia

Artur Nabantino Gonçalves de Azevedo (São Luís, 7 de julho de 1855 — Rio de Janeiro, 22 de outubro de 1908), também conhecido como Arthur Azevedo, foi um escritor, dramaturgo, poeta, contista, prosador, comediógrafo, crítico, cronista e jornalista brasileiro. Ao lado de seu irmão, o escritor Aluísio Azevedo, foi um dos fundadores da Academia Brasileira de Letras. Tendo escrito milhares de artigos sobre eventos artísticos e encenado mais de cem peças no Brasil e em Portugal, Azevedo foi um dos maiores defensores da criação do Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, cuja inauguração ocorreu meses depois de sua morte. Suas peças mais conhecidas são A joia, A Capital Federal, A almanjarra, O Mambembe, entre outras. Três teatros no Brasil foram batizados com o seu nome: o Teatro Arthur Azevedo de São Luís, Maranhão, sua cidade natal, o Teatro Arthur Azevedo da cidade de São Paulo, e o Teatro Arthur Azevedo da cidade de Rio de Janeiro.

Kathleen Mansfield Murry (née Beauchamp) was a prominent New Zealand modernist writer of short fiction who wrote under the pen name of Katherine Mansfield. Katherine Mansfield is widely considered one of the best short story writers of her period. A number of her works, including "Miss Brill", "Prelude", "The Garden Party", "The Doll's House", and later works such as "The Fly", are frequently collected in short story anthologies. Mansfield also proved ahead of her time in her adoration of Russian playwright and short story writer Anton Chekhov, and incorporated some of his themes and techniques into her writing. Katherine Mansfield was part of a "new dawn" in English literature with T.S. Eliot, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. She was associated with the brilliant group of writers who made the London of the period the centre of the literary world. Nevertheless, Mansfield was a New Zealand writer - she could not have written as she did had she not gone to live in England and France, but she could not have done her best work if she had not had firm roots in her native land. She used her memories in her writing from the beginning, people, the places, even the colloquial speech of the country form the fabric of much of her best work. Mansfield's stories were the first of significance in English to be written without a conventional plot. Supplanting the strictly structured plots of her predecessors in the genre (Edgar Allan Poe, Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells), Mansfield concentrated on one moment, a crisis or a turning point, rather than on a sequence of events. The plot is secondary to mood and characters. The stories are innovative in many other ways. They feature simple things - a doll's house or a charwoman. Her imagery, frequently from nature, flowers, wind and colours, set the scene with which readers can identify easily. Themes too are universal: human isolation, the questioning of traditional roles of men and women in society, the conflict between love and disillusionment, idealism and reality, beauty and ugliness, joy and suffering, and the inevitability of these paradoxes. Oblique narration (influenced by Chekhov but certainly developed by Mansfield) includes the use of symbolism - the doll's house lamp, the fly, the pear tree - hinting at the hidden layers of meaning. Suggestion and implication replace direct detail.

Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto nasceu em 1881 na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Enfrentou o preconceito por ser mestiço durante a vida. Ficou órfão aos sete anos de idade de mãe e, algum tempo depois, seu pai foi trabalhar como almoxarife em um asilo de loucos chamado Colônia de Alienados da Ilha do Governador. Concluiu o curso secundário na Escola Politécnica, contudo, teve que abandonar a faculdade de Engenharia, pois seu pai havia sido internado, vítima de loucura, e o autor foi obrigado a arcar com as despesas de casa. Como leu bastante após a conclusão do segundo grau, sua produção textual era de excelente qualidade, foi então que iniciou sua atividade como jornalista, sendo colaborador da imprensa. Contribuiu para as principais revistas de sua época: Brás Cubas, Fon-Fon, Careta, etc. No entanto, o que o sustentava era o emprego como escrevente na Secretaria de Guerra, onde aposentaria em 1918. Não foi reconhecido na literatura de sua época, apenas após sua morte. Viveu uma vida boêmia, solitária e entregue à bebida. Quando tornou-se alcoólatra, foi internado duas vezes na Colônia de Alienados na Praia Vermelha, em razão das alucinações que sofria durante seus estados de embriaguez. Lima Barreto fez de suas experiências pessoais canais de temáticas para seus livros. Em seus livros denunciou a desigualdade social, como em Clara dos Anjos; o racismo sofrido pelos negros e mestiços e também as decisões políticas quanto à Primeira República. Além disso, revelou seus sentimentos quanto ao que sofreu durante suas internações no Hospício Nacional em seu livro O cemitério dos vivos. Sua principal obra foi Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma, no qual relata a vida de um funcionário público, nacionalista fanático, representado pela figura de Policarpo Quaresma. Dentre os desejos absurdos desta personagem está o de resolver os problemas do país e o de oficializar o tupi como língua brasileira.