Émile Zola est connu dans le monde entier à double titre. En premier lieu, il fut le chef de file du naturalisme et l’un des auteurs français les plus populaires, les plus publiés, les plus traduits – encore aujourd’hui. Ses romans ont été maintes fois adaptés au cinéma et à la télévision. Ensuite, en qualité de journaliste, il s’engagea corps et âme dans l’affaire Dreyfus pour lui donner une dimension internationale. Son célèbre article « J’accuse », paru dans L’Aurore, lui valut un procès en diffamation et un exil de presque un an à Londres. Il lui coûta également son éntrée à l’Académie française. Les Coquillages de M. Chabre apparaît comme un ovni dans l’œuvre de Zola mais indique qu’il savait faire preuve d’humour. Dans cette histoire de mari stérile et cocu, qui devient finalement père, après avoir fait une cure de coquillages, au bord de la mer, sur les conseils de son médecin, tandis que son épouse batifolait dans une grotte avec un beau jeune homme, il critique déjà la bourgeoisie.
Author
Émile François Zola was an influential French novelist, the most important example of the literary school of naturalism, and a major figure in the political liberalization of France. More than half of Zola's novels were part of a set of 20 books collectively known as Les Rougon-Macquart. Unlike Balzac who in the midst of his literary career resynthesized his work into La Comédie Humaine, Zola from the start at the age of 28 had thought of the complete layout of the series. Set in France's Second Empire, the series traces the "environmental" influences of violence, alcohol and prostitution which became more prevalent during the second wave of the Industrial Revolution. The series examines two branches of a family: the respectable (that is, legitimate) Rougons and the disreputable (illegitimate) Macquarts for five generations. As he described his plans for the series, "I want to portray, at the outset of a century of liberty and truth, a family that cannot restrain itself in its rush to possess all the good things that progress is making available and is derailed by its own momentum, the fatal convulsions that accompany the birth of a new world." Although Zola and Cézanne were friends from childhood, they broke in later life over Zola's fictionalized depiction of Cézanne and the Bohemian life of painters in his novel L'Œuvre (The Masterpiece, 1886). From 1877 with the publication of L'Assommoir, Émile Zola became wealthy, he was better paid than Victor Hugo, for example. He became a figurehead among the literary bourgeoisie and organized cultural dinners with Guy de Maupassant, Joris-Karl Huysmans and other writers at his luxurious villa in Medan near Paris after 1880. Germinal in 1885, then the three 'cities', Lourdes in 1894, Rome in 1896 and Paris in 1897, established Zola as a successful author. The self-proclaimed leader of French naturalism, Zola's works inspired operas such as those of Gustave Charpentier, notably Louise in the 1890s. His works, inspired by the concepts of heredity (Claude Bernard), social manichaeism and idealistic socialism, resonate with those of Nadar, Manet and subsequently Flaubert.
