To Nietzsche, she was the "the smartest person I ever knew," the perfect heir to his philosophy, "the best and most fruitful ploughland" for his ideas. To Rainer Maria Rilke, she was an "extraordinary woman" without whose influence "my whole development would not have been able to take the paths that have led to many things." And to Sigmund Freud, she was "an understander par excellence," the second woman in his life (after his beloved sister-in-law Minna Bernays) and the only woman among his colleagues with whom he would maintain a long and continuous correspondence. Although Lou Andreas-Salome is best known today for her relationships with these three men of genius, she was well known in her own right during the early years of this century as both a writer and a psychoanalyst. She commuted between artistic circles in Berlin, Vienna, Paris and St. Petersburg during the formative years of modern European culture, and her writings—on religion, psychoanalysis and women—reflected many of the themes that would preoccupy thinkers throughout this century. Her memoirs, "Looking Back," published posthumously in German in 1951, are now available in English.