Groundbeaking in its global and historical scope, "Racisms" is the first comprehensive history of racism, from the Crusades to the twentieth century. Demonstrating that there is not one continuous tradition of racism in the West, distinguished historian Francisco Bethencourt shows that racism preceded any theories of race and must be viewed within the prism and context of social hierarchies and local conditions. In this richly illustrated book, Bethencourt argues that in its various aspects, all racism has been triggered by political projects monopolizing specific economic and social resources. Bethencourt focuses on the Western world, but opens comparative views on ethnic discrimination and segregation in Asia and Africa. He looks at different forms of racism, particularly against New Christians and Moriscos in Iberia, black slaves and freedmen in colonial and postcolonial environments, Native Americans, Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, and Jews in modern Europe. Exploring instances of enslavement, forced migration, and ethnic cleansing, Bethencourt reflects on genocide and the persecution of ethnicities in twentieth-century Europe and Anatolia. These cases are compared to the genocide of the Herero and Tutsi in Africa, and ethnic discrimination in Japan, China, and India. Bethencourt analyzes how practices of discrimination and segregation from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries were defended, and he systematically integrates visual culture into his investigation. Moving away from ideas of linear or innate racism, this is a major interdisciplinary work that recasts our understanding of interethnic relations.
Author
FRANCISCO BETHENCOURT nasceu em Lisboa, em 1955. Licenciado em História, pela Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, Mestre pela Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e Doutorado em História e Civilização (1992) pelo Instituto Universitário Europeu em Florença, com a tese Les Inquisitions modernes. Foi Professor na Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa e visiting scholar em diversas universidades, como a Brown University (EUA), e a Universidade de São Paulo (Brasil). Actualmente é Charles Boxer Professor no King's College da Universidade de Londres. Foi ainda Director da Biblioteca Nacional (1996-1998) e Director do Centro Cultural Gulbenkian em Paris (1999-2004). Dos seus interesses de investigação destacamos história do racismo no mundo atlântico; identidade portuguesa; história do mundo de língua portuguesa; história comparada da expansão europeia; história da Inquisição. É autor de várias obras, entre outras, O imaginário da magia: feiticeiras, saludadores e nigromantes no século XVI (1987), História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália (Círculo de Leitores, 1994) e Racismos: das Cruzadas ao século XX (Temas & Debates, 2016). Coordenou ainda a colecção História da Expansão Portuguesa (com Kirti Chaudhuri, 5 vols., Círculo de Leitores, 1998-1999) e as obras A Memória da Nação (Sá da Costa, 1991), Racism and Ethnic Relations in the Portuguese-Speaking World (2012), Correspondence and cultural exchange in Europe, 1400-1700 (2013), Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800 (2014), Inequality in the Portuguese-Speaking World Global and Historical Perspectives (2018) e Cosmopolitanism in the Portuguese-speaking world (2018).
