Such volumes as Cabbages and Kings (1904) and The Four Million (1906) collect short stories, noted for their often surprising endings, of American writer William Sydney Porter, who used the pen name O. Henry. His biography shows where he found inspiration for his characters. His era produced their voices and his language. Mother of three-year-old Porter died from tuberculosis. He left school at fifteen years of age and worked for five years in drugstore of his uncle and then for two years at a Texas sheep ranch. In 1884, he went to Austin, where he worked in a real estate office and a church choir and spent four years as a draftsman in the general land office. His wife and firstborn died, but daughter Margaret survived him. He failed to establish a small humorous weekly and afterward worked in poorly-run bank. When its accounts balanced not, people blamed and fired him. In Houston, he worked for a few years until, ordered to stand trial for embezzlement, he fled to New Orleans and thence Honduras. Two years later, he returned on account of illness of his wife. Apprehended, Porter served a few months more than three years in a penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio. During his incarceration, he composed ten short stories, including A Blackjack Bargainer , The Enchanted Kiss , and The Duplicity of Hargraves . In 1899, McClure's published Whistling Dick's Christmas Story and Georgia's Ruling . In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he sent manuscripts to New York editors. In the spring of 1902, Ainslee's Magazine offered him a regular income if he moved to New York. In less than eight years, he became a bestselling author of collections of short stories. Cabbages and Kings came first in 1904 The Four Million, and The Trimmed Lamp and Heart of the West followed in 1907, and The Voice of the City in 1908, Roads of Destiny and Options in 1909, Strictly Business and Whirligigs in 1910 followed. Posthumously published collections include The Gentle Grafter about the swindler, Jeff Peters; Rolling Stones , Waifs and Strays , and in 1936, unsigned stories, followed. People rewarded other persons financially more. A Retrieved Reformation about the safe-cracker Jimmy Valentine got $250; six years later, $500 for dramatic rights, which gave over $100,000 royalties for playwright Paul Armstrong. Many stories have been made into films.

Also see Leonid Andreyev Леонид Андреев был властителем дум читающей публики начала прошлого века. В оценках его творчества читатели были куда более единодушны, чем собратья Л.Андреева по перу. Автора "Иуды Искариота", "Рассказа о семи повешенных", "Дневника Сатаны" и "Красного смеха" интересовал более "человек-сатана", нежели "человек-ангел".

Антон Павлович Чехов (English: Anton Chekhov) (17 [29] января 1860, Таганрог, Екатеринославская губерния (теперь Ростовская область) – 2 [15] июля 1904, Баденвайлер) – русский писатель, общепризнанный классик мировой литературы. По профессии врач. Почётный академик Императорской Академии наук по Разряду изящной словесности (1900–1902). Один из самых известных драматургов мира. Его произведения переведены более чем на 100 языков. Его пьесы, в особенности "Чайка", "Три сестры" и "Вишнёвый сад", на протяжении более 100 лет ставятся во многих театрах мира. За 25 лет творчества Чехов создал около 900 различных произведений (коротких юмористических рассказов, серьёзных повестей, пьес), многие из которых стали классикой мировой литературы. Особенное внимание обратили на себя "Степь", "Скучная история", "Дуэль", "Палата № 6", "Рассказ неизвестного человека", "Мужики" (1897), "Человек в футляре" (1898), "В овраге", "Детвора", "Драма на охоте"; из пьес: "Иванов", "Чайка", "Дядя Ваня", "Три сестры", "Вишнёвый сад". Страница автора на других языках: Anton Chekhov أنطون تشيخوف

Николай Семёнович Лесков (4/16 февраля 1831, село Горохово, Орловская губерния — 21 февраля/5 марта 1895, Санкт-Петербург) — русский писатель, публицист, литературный критик. Долгое время публиковался под псевдонимом Стебни́цкий. В отличие от других крупных русских писателей своего времени, не принадлежал к столбовому дворянству; в сфере его интересов находились иные сословия. В лесковской прозе отразились традиции как духовенства (житийные мотивы, церковная книжность), так и мещанства (авантюрные сюжеты, лубочная культура). Часто работая в технике сказа, придавал большое значение нюансам интонации, установке на непридуманность рассказанного, избегал простановки однозначных оценок. В своих произведениях создал обширную галерею праведников из народа. Склонность Лескова к неожиданным развязкам (пуантам) ярко проявилась в святочных рассказах и новеллах-анекдотах.

Aleksandr Kuprin (Russian: Александр Иванович Куприн; 7 September 1870 in the village of Narovchat in the Penza Oblast - August 25, 1938 in Leningrad) was a Russian writer, pilot, explorer and adventurer who is perhaps best known for his story The Duel (1905). Other well-known works include Moloch (1896), Olesya (1898), Junior Captain Rybnikov (1906), Emerald (1907), and The Garnet Bracelet (1911) (which was made into a 1965 movie). Vladimir Nabokov styled him the Russian Kipling for his stories about pathetic adventure-seekers, who are often "neurotic and vulnerable." Kuprin was a son of Ivan Ivanovich Kuprin, a minor government official who died of cholera during 1871 at the age of thirty-seven years. His mother, Liubov' Alekseevna Kuprina, Tatar princess (of the Kulunchakovs), like many other nobles in Russia, had lost most of her wealth during the 19th century. Kuprin attended the Razumovsky boarding school during 1876, and during 1880 finished his education in the Second Moscow Military High School (Cadet Corps) and Alexander Military School, spending a total of ten years in these elite military institutions. His first short story, The Last Debut, was published during 1889 in a satirical periodical. "In February 1902, Kuprin and Maria Karlovna Davydova were married, their daughter Lidia born in 1903." Kuprin's mother died during 1910. Kuprin ended military service during 1894, after which he tried many types of job, including provincial journalism, dental care, land surveying, acting, circus performer, church singer, doctor, hunter, fisher, etc. Reportedly, "all of these were subsequently reflected in his fiction." His first essays were published in Kiev in two collections. Reportedly, "although he lived in an age when writers were carried away by literary experiments, Kuprin did not seek innovation and wrote only about the things he himself had experienced and his heroes are the next generation after Chekhov's pessimists." Although the 1896 short story Moloch first made his name known as a writer, it was his novel The Duel (1905) which made him famous. "Kuprin was highly praised by fellow writers including Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorky, Leonid Andreyev, Nobel Prize-winning Ivan Bunin" and Leo Tolstoy who acclaimed him a true successor to Chekhov. After publication of The Duel he paid less and less interest to fancy literature and began to spend time in pubs and brothels. His sensationalist novel about the lurid life of prostitutes, The Pit (1915), was accused by Russian critics of excessive Naturalism. Although not a conservative, he did not agree with Bolshevism. While working for a brief time with Maxim Gorky at the World Literature publishing company, he criticized the Soviet regime. During spring 1919, from Gatchina near Petrograd, Kuprin left the country for France. He lived in Paris for most of the next 17 years, succumbing to alcoholism. He wrote about this in much of his work. He eventually returned to Moscow on May 31, 1937, just a year before his death, at the height of the Great Purge. His return earned publication of his works within the Soviet Union. Kuprin died during the spring of 1938 in Leningrad and is interred near his fellow writers at the Literaturskiye Mostki in the Volkovo Cemetery (Volkovskoye Memorial Cemetery) in Leningrad. A minor planet 3618 Kuprin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979 is named after him. Reportedly, "even today, Alexander Kuprin remains one of the widest read classics in Russian literature", with many films based on his works, "which are also read over the radio", partly due to "his vivid stories of the lives of ordinary people and unhappy love, his descriptions of the military and brothels, making him a writer for all times and places."

англ.: E.T.A. Hoffmann Эрнст Теодор Вильгельм Гофман (нем. Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann; произ. Хофман; 24 января 1776, Кёнигсберг, Королевство Пруссия — 25 июня 1822, Берлин, Королевство Пруссия) — немецкий писатель-романтик, композитор, художник и юрист. Из уважения к Амадею Моцарту в 1805 году сменил имя «Вильгельм» на «Амадей» (Amadeus). Заметки о музыке публиковал под именем Иоганн Крайслер (нем. Johannes Kreisler).

англ.: Charles Dickens Чарльз Джон Ха́ффем Ди́ккенс (англ. Charles John Huffam Dickens [ˈtʃɑrlz ˈdɪkɪnz]; 7 февраля 1812 года, Портсмут, Англия — 9 июня 1870 года, Хайэм (англ.) русск., Англия) — английский писатель, стенограф, репортёр, романист и очеркист. Классик мировой литературы, один из крупнейших прозаиков XIX века, он стал самым популярным англоязычным писателем ещё при жизни. Творчество Диккенса относят к вершинам реализма, но в его романах отразились и сентиментальное, и сказочное начала. Самые знаменитые романы Диккенса: «Посмертные записки Пиквикского клуба», «Оливер Твист», «Николас Никльби», «Дэвид Копперфилд», «Холодный дом», «Повесть о двух городах», «Наш общий друг», «Большие надежды» «Тайна Эдвина Друда».