After Napoleon III seized power in 1851, French writer Victor Marie Hugo went into exile and in 1870 returned to France; his novels include The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) and Les Misérables (1862). This poet, playwright, novelist, dramatist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, and perhaps the most influential, important exponent of the Romantic movement in France, campaigned for human rights. People in France regard him as one of greatest poets of that country and know him better abroad.

англ.: Victor Hugo Виктор Мари Гюго — французский писатель (поэт, прозаик и драматург), одна из главных фигур французского романтизма, политический и общественный деятель. Сенатор Франции от департамента Сена (1876—1885). Член Французской академии (1841).