The onslaught on the Bornean rain forest is a recurrent theme in the media today. Studies dealing with the island, however, have largely ignored the long-term antecedents of modern environmental changes and problems. Yet phenomena such as forest fires, logging, the decimation of animal populations, and lack of arable land are far from new, even for a sparsely populated island like Borneo. This book is the first attempt to deal with the long-term interrelation between humans and their environment in Borneo, going back to the moment when first historical information becomes available in the early seventh century. The book deals with the relationship between people and the natural environment in Southeast Borneo, based on many hitherto unused primary sources. It describes the ways in which people made a living within the wide range of environments found here, focusing on agriculture, hunting, fishing, animal husbandry, forest exploitation, and the collection of products for the market. It deals with the impact of these activities on the natural environment and attempts to explain why most areas were strikingly little affected until modern times, yet others showed clear signs of human occupation and exploitation from an early date.