French historian. He had taught for many years at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in Paris. Paris had an original and atypical research path - at the crossroads of various disciplines. A curious and polyglot spirit, his interests in Italian politics and culture intersected with an interest in Latin American history and culture. A work of great commitment that took up many years of Robert's intellectual life was also the complete translation of the notebooks from Gramsci's prison, directed and edited by him with great originality, as evidenced by the richness of the critical apparatus of notes as well as his wide-ranging introduction to the last of the five volumes published in Gallimard's prestigious Bibliothèque de philosophie. Finally, as regards Latin America, in addition to the writings relating to Mariategui and his universe, in the last years of his active life he was working on a Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier d 'Amérique latine.

Peruvian diplomat. After receiving his early education in Arequipa at the Escuela San Vicente and San José (Colegio San José), he decided to study law at the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and later transferred to finish his studies at the National University of San Marcos in Lima. In addition to receiving his law degree, he also obtained doctorates in political sciences and administration and in literature in 1911. Belaúnde occupied several positions throughout his professional career. He also lectured on Hispanic-American culture throughout various universities in the United States while in exile. He died in New York City.