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Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He's regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe & of the late Enlightenment. His most important work is The Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics & epistemology, & highlights his own contribution to these areas. Other main works of his maturity are The Critique of Practical Reason, which is about ethics, & The Critique of Judgment, about esthetics & teleology. Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed thru epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources & limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects that the mind can think about must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality–which he concluded that it does–then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it's possible that there are objects of such a nature that the mind cannot think of them, & so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. So the grand questions of speculative metaphysics are off limits, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists & the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired thru experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists & empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer saw themselves as correcting and expanding Kant's system, thus bringing about various forms of German Idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both Analytic and Continental philosophy.
2024
2022
What Is Enlightenment?
1784
1785
2007
2022
1775
2001
1786
Traduction française par François Picavet et introduction de Ferdinand Alquié.
2012
Introduction
2017
1790
1788
1781
In Commemoration of the Century of its First Publication (V.1 )
2009
2016
2005
1993
1766
1766
Critique de la raison pure - Œuvres Complètes
2019
Classcompilé n° 25 (Les Classiques Compilés (Classcompilés))
2016
Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals/Metaphysical Principles of Virtue
1995
Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals/Metaphysical Principles of Virtue/On a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns
1995
2021
1785
2015
1785
1784
Gesammelte Werke: Andhofs große Literaturbibliothek
2015
2010
Th., 2. Abth. Biographie...
2011
Th. Kritik Der Urtheilskraft, Und Beobachtungen Über Das Gefühl Des Schönen Und Erhabenen...
2012
Sorgfaltig Revidirte Gesammtausgabe in Zehn Bänden, Neunter Band
2010
2016
In Chronologischer Reihenfolge
2012
1770
1800
1800
1952
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of M
2025
2015
Eine Darstellung der Kantischen Welt-und Lebensanschauung für den Ungelehrten Gebildeten aus Kants Schriften, Briefen und Mündlichen Äußerungen Zusammengestellt
2013
1785
Die dritte Kritik: Nachfolger von Der Kritik der reinen Vernunft und Kritik der praktischen Vernunft
2017
Die Theorie der Moralbegründung, auch als die "zweite Kritik" (nach der Kritik der reinen Vernunft und vor der Kritik der Urteilskraft) bekannt
2017
1781
Werkausgabe, Bd. 3-4
1990
1970
2019
